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克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－ “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太 CHAPTER X. TOBACCO OFFERINGS. 1808. It was a beautiful moonlight evening in August. A shadowy haze lingered over the river, which glistened and sparkled in the moonlight. The Chief and several members of his family were seated on the beach in front of the Wigwam listening to the Honorable Joseph Papineau, who, with his son, Louis Joseph, had come up in a canoe to see the falls. The former had recently purchased from Bishop Laval the unsettled seigniory of Petit Nation, and had erected an unpretentious cottage, which he occupied during the summer months. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan’s “Types of Canadian Women” (copyright, 1903), by permission. HON. LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU AND MADAME PAPINEAU. From Morgan’s “Types of Canadian Women” (copyright, 1903), by permission. “It was a lovely vision,” said Mr. Papineau, who had just performed the feat of canoeing to the foot of the Chaudiere Falls for the first time. “On our return we climbed the rugged cliff on the south side, and never shall I forget the panorama that spread out before us. The sun, sinking slowly behind the L 一个真正有阅历的人，经历足够多的人，发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为懂得，人人都有他的难处。一个朋友最近刚从从老家重新杀回广州。前段时间他妈妈病了，动了一次大手术。他回了一趟家，又回来了。回到广州后，他整个人都变了，变得和颜悦色，温柔平和。以前，他总非常鄙视那些从北上广背着包回家去的人。按照他的标准，那都是没能力在这座城市生存下去所以被抛弃的人，都是弱者、失败者。不管是出于什么原因，离开自己奋斗的地方，就是撤退，而撤退就是宣告自己无能。他的价值观也很硬，认为世界非黑即白，用成功和失败作为衡量人生的唯一价值尺度，认为成功者就应该站在领奖台上，万众瞩目，接受鲜花掌声；认为失败者就应该躲到角落里，暗自啜泣，接受自己和他人的责骂。他这次重回广州，话风完全不一样，不再那么充满鸡血，开始包容，对手下的人也没那么苛刻，不再要求他们一味地加班，甚至劝告他们多花些时间在家人和朋友身上。而对于那些准备从北上广撤退回家当公务员的朋友，他也不像以前，跳起来指着人家鼻子骂你个怂货，这么容易就认输了。他很真诚地跟别人说：“想清楚了吧，想清楚了就决定，每个人都有每个人的难处，毕竟只有你自己知道，什么才是最重要的。” 他说：“我现在越来越能理解我身边的人，理解他们的处境和选择。” 这一切改变源自一年前，他得到消息说母亲病了，而且非常严重，需要尽快手术。他匆匆请假回家陪着妈妈，他原本以为只要请几天假陪妈度过手术这段时间就可以回广州工作了，但是手术术后恢复周期实在太长，而且他看到他妈妈躺在病床上，实在不忍心一个人跑回广州去谈所谓的奋斗和成功。于是他心一横，辞职了，空档了将近一年，专门陪着他妈妈做手术、住院、出院，陪着在家唠嗑，出去旅游。在这一年里，他还遇到了很多之前在北上广打拼的朋友，了解他们在老家的生活，也知道了他们为什么最终选择了回家。他想明白了很多事情。他说：“以前我妈妈没病的时候，我不懂那些回家照顾父母的人，我觉得他们是找借口，是失败，如果有钱，干嘛不找个保姆照顾呢？现在发现，父母真的是需要自己去照顾。” “而且我最近也在思考，父母、家庭、事业，究竟什么才是最重要的，不同的人选择不同，会有不同的人生，而这些选择，其实都应该是没有失败的。人，其实只有经历以后，才会懂得。” 人生的确即是如此，只有真正经历过很多事情之后，我们才会站在更高的维度去看待这个世界，而不是很单纯地用自己私人的视角去苛责别人，去评判世界。同样的情况，也常常发生在我们对父母的理解上。最近，看到一位母亲写的文章，她说：“以前妈妈总是让我做这做那，让我注意这个注意那个，那个时候我总是很不耐烦，觉得她啰嗦，总是责怪她。现在自己当了妈，才知道她当时的处境、想法。就像我妈经常说的，孩子，等你当了妈你就知道了。” 是的，年轻时，我们总是觉得与父母隔阂甚重。觉得他们思想陈旧，观念老套，跟不上新的时代，难以与他们沟通。甚至，我们还会觉得他们反倒成了成长路上的拦路虎。那个时候，不太懂得家这个概念，只想着自己，想着未来，想着长大。后来，自己求学工作，结婚生子，把当年父母经历的那些阶段和事情都重新经历了一遍，这才慢慢长大，有所感悟。当你成家了以后，你就会发现，需要考虑的事情，考虑的问题很多，家庭收入、家人健康、孩子成长、孩子教育等等，你就会开始懂得当初父母的那些话，做的那些事。也许你现在正在喋喋不休责怪你的父母；也许你现在正在责怪身边的朋友同事，责怪他们为什么不能坚持，为什么放弃，为什么做出这样的选择，等等。但是等你经历了一些事情之后，你终究会明白他们。你也会懂得，生活，其实没有一个简单的标准，任何用成败来评判他人的人，都很简单粗暴，也非常幼稚。一个真正成熟的人，一个真正有所经历的人，会发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为他越来越明白，人人都有他的难处，所以越来越能理解别人。aurentian hills, had clothed himself with a robe of splendor. The long reflections lay soft on the waters of the river below. The clouds of ascending mist from the Chaudiere took a thousand shades of color as the western sky faded slowly from crimson into gold and from gold to green and gray, and finally displayed dark shapes, out of which imagination might well have formed a thousand monsters.* * Louis Joseph, afterwards known as the Demosthenes of Canada, and who almost succeeded in making Canada a Republic, with himself as President, was evidently much impressed with the scene, which he described as follows: “Le soleil etait pret decendre sous l’horison, la mureille tout limpide etait d’une transparence vivre, tout penetree de lumiere vaguement prismatiseé.” “As we watched the gathering shadows my thoughts went back two hundred years, to the time when Champlain went on his first trip up the ‘Riviere des Algoumequins,’ as he called it. About two years before he took the trip he sent Nicholas de Vignan, a young Frenchman, up the river with some friendly Indians, and Nicholas had returned with the marvellous story that he had reached the North Sea. He said that the journey could be made in a few days. He also gave an account of having seen the wreck of an English ship. “Champlain was completely taken in, and lost no time in starting off to verify the discovery for which the world had been looking for some time. His fleet consisted of two canoes with two Indians and three Frenchmen, one of whom was De Vignan. It was in May, when the river was at its height. When they reached the Gatineau the Indians told him that their tribe were often compelled to conceal themselves amid the hills of the Upper Gatineau from their dreaded enemies, the Iroquois. When Champlain beheld the twin curtain falls yonder, ‘like a slow dropping veil of the thinnest lawn,’ he exclaimed, ‘Le Rideau! Le Rideau!’ The Indians told him that the waters formed an arcade under which they delighted to walk, and where they were only wet by the spray. As they rounded the lofty headland opposite 一个真正有阅历的人，经历足够多的人，发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为懂得，人人都有他的难处。一个朋友最近刚从从老家重新杀回广州。前段时间他妈妈病了，动了一次大手术。他回了一趟家，又回来了。回到广州后，他整个人都变了，变得和颜悦色，温柔平和。以前，他总非常鄙视那些从北上广背着包回家去的人。按照他的标准，那都是没能力在这座城市生存下去所以被抛弃的人，都是弱者、失败者。不管是出于什么原因，离开自己奋斗的地方，就是撤退，而撤退就是宣告自己无能。他的价值观也很硬，认为世界非黑即白，用成功和失败作为衡量人生的唯一价值尺度，认为成功者就应该站在领奖台上，万众瞩目，接受鲜花掌声；认为失败者就应该躲到角落里，暗自啜泣，接受自己和他人的责骂。他这次重回广州，话风完全不一样，不再那么充满鸡血，开始包容，对手下的人也没那么苛刻，不再要求他们一味地加班，甚至劝告他们多花些时间在家人和朋友身上。而对于那些准备从北上广撤退回家当公务员的朋友，他也不像以前，跳起来指着人家鼻子骂你个怂货，这么容易就认输了。他很真诚地跟别人说：“想清楚了吧，想清楚了就决定，每个人都有每个人的难处，毕竟只有你自己知道，什么才是最重要的。” 他说：“我现在越来越能理解我身边的人，理解他们的处境和选择。” 这一切改变源自一年前，他得到消息说母亲病了，而且非常严重，需要尽快手术。他匆匆请假回家陪着妈妈，他原本以为只要请几天假陪妈度过手术这段时间就可以回广州工作了，但是手术术后恢复周期实在太长，而且他看到他妈妈躺在病床上，实在不忍心一个人跑回广州去谈所谓的奋斗和成功。于是他心一横，辞职了，空档了将近一年，专门陪着他妈妈做手术、住院、出院，陪着在家唠嗑，出去旅游。在这一年里，他还遇到了很多之前在北上广打拼的朋友，了解他们在老家的生活，也知道了他们为什么最终选择了回家。他想明白了很多事情。他说：“以前我妈妈没病的时候，我不懂那些回家照顾父母的人，我觉得他们是找借口，是失败，如果有钱，干嘛不找个保姆照顾呢？现在发现，父母真的是需要自己去照顾。” “而且我最近也在思考，父母、家庭、事业，究竟什么才是最重要的，不同的人选择不同，会有不同的人生，而这些选择，其实都应该是没有失败的。人，其实只有经历以后，才会懂得。” 人生的确即是如此，只有真正经历过很多事情之后，我们才会站在更高的维度去看待这个世界，而不是很单纯地用自己私人的视角去苛责别人，去评判世界。同样的情况，也常常发生在我们对父母的理解上。最近，看到一位母亲写的文章，她说：“以前妈妈总是让我做这做那，让我注意这个注意那个，那个时候我总是很不耐烦，觉得她啰嗦，总是责怪她。现在自己当了妈，才知道她当时的处境、想法。就像我妈经常说的，孩子，等你当了妈你就知道了。” 是的，年轻时，我们总是觉得与父母隔阂甚重。觉得他们思想陈旧，观念老套，跟不上新的时代，难以与他们沟通。甚至，我们还会觉得他们反倒成了成长路上的拦路虎。那个时候，不太懂得家这个概念，只想着自己，想着未来，想着长大。后来，自己求学工作，结婚生子，把当年父母经历的那些阶段和事情都重新经历了一遍，这才慢慢长大，有所感悟。当你成家了以后，你就会发现，需要考虑的事情，考虑的问题很多，家庭收入、家人健康、孩子成长、孩子教育等等，你就会开始懂得当初父母的那些话，做的那些事。也许你现在正在喋喋不休责怪你的父母；也许你现在正在责怪身边的朋友同事，责怪他们为什么不能坚持，为什么放弃，为什么做出这样的选择，等等。但是等你经历了一些事情之后，你终究会明白他们。你也会懂得，生活，其实没有一个简单的标准，任何用成败来评判他人的人，都很简单粗暴，也非常幼稚。一个真正成熟的人，一个真正有所经历的人，会发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为他越来越明白，人人都有他的难处，所以越来越能理解别人。he saw the cloud of mist rising from the falls, which the Indians called the ‘Asticou,’ which means ‘Chaudiere’ in French, or ‘kettle’ in English, for the water has worn out a deep basin into which it rushes with a whirling motion which boils up in the midst like a kettle. “You have probably been close enough to have seen it, Madame?” he said, addressing Mrs. Wright. “No,” she replied, “I have always been too timid to venture so near to it in a canoe.” “Champlain said,” continued Mr. Papineau, “that he paddled as near as possible to the falls, when the Indians took the canoes and the Frenchmen and himself carried their arms and provisions. He described with great feeling the sharp and rugged rocks of the portages to pass the falls and rapids until at last, in the afternoon, they embarked upon the peaceful waters of a lake where, he said, there were very beautiful islands filled with vines and with walnut and other agreeable trees.” “There are no walnuts on the islands of Lake Chaudiere,” interrupted Bearie, “I am quite sure.” “He probably saw a butternut tree,” said young Louis Joseph, “and thought it produced walnuts.” “Champlain’s journey came to an abrupt close a few days afterwards,” said Mr. Papineau, “when he reached Allumette Island, about seventy miles farther up the river. There was a large settlement of friendly Algonquins, called ‘Les Sauvages de l’Isle,’ and Champlain tried to obtain several canoes and guides to proceed farther. They, however, had their own commercial reasons for keeping the French from the upper country, and they warned him of the danger of meeting the terrible tribe of the Sorcerers. Champlain said that De Vignan had passed through all these dangers. The head Chief then said to the impostor: “‘Is it true that you have said that you have been among the Sorcerers?’ “After a long pause he said: ‘Yes, I’ve been there.’ “The Indians at once threw themselves upon him with fierce cries as if they would have torn him to pieces, and the Chief said: “‘You are a bold liar. You know that every night you slept by my side with my children. How have you the impudence to tell your chief such lies?’ “The upshot was that Champlain returned down the Ottawa, followed by an escort of fifty canoes. “When the party reached the Chaudiere the savages, he said, performed their mystic rites. After having carried their canoes to the foot of the Falls, they gathered in a certain spot where one of them, provided with a wooden dish, passed it round, and each one placed in the dish a piece of tobacco. “The collection finished, the dish was placed in the midst of the band and all danced around it, chanting after their fashion. Then one of the chiefs delivered a harangue, explaining that from olden times they had always made such an offering, and that by this means they are protected from their enemies and saved from misfortune, for so the devil persuades them. Then the same chief took the dish and proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere, amid the loud shoutings of the band. ‘They are so superstitious,’ said Champlain, ‘that they do not believe that they can make a safe journey if they have not performed this ceremony in this particular place.’ “The Chief proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere.” “The Chief proceeded to throw the tobacco into the Chaudiere.” “Ah, Monsieur,” Mr. Papineau continued, “it stirred my soul as I stood on that rocky cliff and thought of how many canoes of heroic missionaries, Indian braves and cheery voyageurs have paddled these waters and torn their feet on the rocky shores, going, some of them to death and some to tortures worse than death. As we drifted down with the current in the moonlight the gentle breeze in the pines along the shore seemed to be whispering sad tales of other days.” Mr. Papineau, who had spoken with such animation and fluency, relapsed into silence for several minutes, then, rousing himself, said, with even greater enthusiasm and vigor: “Providence has crowned our lives with great blessing since the heroic Daulac struck the death-blow to the power of the Iroquois in this country, and since the English undertook the responsibility of its government. Though I am proud of the fact that every bone and muscle, nerve and sinew within me is French, though I dearly love my Mother Country and my fellow countrymen, I have no hesitation in making the solemn assertion that our country has enjoyed a greater degree of prosperity under the new regime than it ever did under the old. But it must ever be remembered that much of the foundation of that prosperity was laid in the blood of the early French martyrs and in the heroic achievements of the early French settlers.” It seemed incredible to the visitors that in a settlement of so recent date their host should have been able to show them a grist-mill, a saw-mill, a vegetable alkali factory, a tannery, 一个真正有阅历的人，经历足够多的人，发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为懂得，人人都有他的难处。一个朋友最近刚从从老家重新杀回广州。前段时间他妈妈病了，动了一次大手术。他回了一趟家，又回来了。回到广州后，他整个人都变了，变得和颜悦色，温柔平和。以前，他总非常鄙视那些从北上广背着包回家去的人。按照他的标准，那都是没能力在这座城市生存下去所以被抛弃的人，都是弱者、失败者。不管是出于什么原因，离开自己奋斗的地方，就是撤退，而撤退就是宣告自己无能。他的价值观也很硬，认为世界非黑即白，用成功和失败作为衡量人生的唯一价值尺度，认为成功者就应该站在领奖台上，万众瞩目，接受鲜花掌声；认为失败者就应该躲到角落里，暗自啜泣，接受自己和他人的责骂。他这次重回广州，话风完全不一样，不再那么充满鸡血，开始包容，对手下的人也没那么苛刻，不再要求他们一味地加班，甚至劝告他们多花些时间在家人和朋友身上。而对于那些准备从北上广撤退回家当公务员的朋友，他也不像以前，跳起来指着人家鼻子骂你个怂货，这么容易就认输了。他很真诚地跟别人说：“想清楚了吧，想清楚了就决定，每个人都有每个人的难处，毕竟只有你自己知道，什么才是最重要的。” 他说：“我现在越来越能理解我身边的人，理解他们的处境和选择。” 这一切改变源自一年前，他得到消息说母亲病了，而且非常严重，需要尽快手术。他匆匆请假回家陪着妈妈，他原本以为只要请几天假陪妈度过手术这段时间就可以回广州工作了，但是手术术后恢复周期实在太长，而且他看到他妈妈躺在病床上，实在不忍心一个人跑回广州去谈所谓的奋斗和成功。于是他心一横，辞职了，空档了将近一年，专门陪着他妈妈做手术、住院、出院，陪着在家唠嗑，出去旅游。在这一年里，他还遇到了很多之前在北上广打拼的朋友，了解他们在老家的生活，也知道了他们为什么最终选择了回家。他想明白了很多事情。他说：“以前我妈妈没病的时候，我不懂那些回家照顾父母的人，我觉得他们是找借口，是失败，如果有钱，干嘛不找个保姆照顾呢？现在发现，父母真的是需要自己去照顾。” “而且我最近也在思考，父母、家庭、事业，究竟什么才是最重要的，不同的人选择不同，会有不同的人生，而这些选择，其实都应该是没有失败的。人，其实只有经历以后，才会懂得。” 人生的确即是如此，只有真正经历过很多事情之后，我们才会站在更高的维度去看待这个世界，而不是很单纯地用自己私人的视角去苛责别人，去评判世界。同样的情况，也常常发生在我们对父母的理解上。最近，看到一位母亲写的文章，她说：“以前妈妈总是让我做这做那，让我注意这个注意那个，那个时候我总是很不耐烦，觉得她啰嗦，总是责怪她。现在自己当了妈，才知道她当时的处境、想法。就像我妈经常说的，孩子，等你当了妈你就知道了。” 是的，年轻时，我们总是觉得与父母隔阂甚重。觉得他们思想陈旧，观念老套，跟不上新的时代，难以与他们沟通。甚至，我们还会觉得他们反倒成了成长路上的拦路虎。那个时候，不太懂得家这个概念，只想着自己，想着未来，想着长大。后来，自己求学工作，结婚生子，把当年父母经历的那些阶段和事情都重新经历了一遍，这才慢慢长大，有所感悟。当你成家了以后，你就会发现，需要考虑的事情，考虑的问题很多，家庭收入、家人健康、孩子成长、孩子教育等等，你就会开始懂得当初父母的那些话，做的那些事。也许你现在正在喋喋不休责怪你的父母；也许你现在正在责怪身边的朋友同事，责怪他们为什么不能坚持，为什么放弃，为什么做出这样的选择，等等。但是等你经历了一些事情之后，你终究会明白他们。你也会懂得，生活，其实没有一个简单的标准，任何用成败来评判他人的人，都很简单粗暴，也非常幼稚。一个真正成熟的人，一个真正有所经历的人，会发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为他越来越明白，人人都有他的难处，所以越来越能理解别人。a small foundry, a tailor shop, a bakery, a general store, and a hemp-mill, giving employment to over one hundred men. Fortunately for the pioneers of the Ottawa, they were not dependent upon the small revenue derived from the cultivation of the land, but had other resources which afforded them much greater remuneration. The British Navy, which hitherto had been dependent upon Russia for its cordage and lumber, had to look elsewhere for its supply of hemp and timber, owing to the ports of the Baltic having been closed to British ships. The price of hemp having risen from ￡25 to ￡118 per ton, they undertook the cultivation of it, and raised over three-fourths of the amount raised in Lower Canada at that time. The exportation of lumber and vegetable alkali, or potash, were also great sources of revenue. In the new clearances were tons of wood ashes from which the lye was extracted and boiled till it looked like molten iron, a barrel of which sold at that time for thirty dollars. Prosperity and success crowned every commercial enterprise upon which they ventured until fire swept every mill, factory and dwelling in the thriving little village out of existence, including thousands of dollars in cash in a small safe in the office, quantities of wheat, hemp, sawn lumber, laths and general merchandise. As there was no compensation in the way of insurance, the loss was much felt. Philemon Wright was not the man to be deterred from climbing the ladder of success, even though he had to mount it by the rungs of adverse circumstances. Though the loss sustained was great, almost overwhelming, he rose above it with a courage which yielded not to disappointment or failure. The cause of the fire long remained a mystery. That it was the work of an incendiary was beyond question. Various theories were advocated by the settlers, but suspicion rested upon Machecawa, who, it was alleged, had been seen by the bookkeeper at a late hour lingering about the mills, a suspicion which gained no credence with the Chief and his family.阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这就是彗 [76]  在超新星爆发的过程中所释放的能量，需要我们的太阳燃烧900亿年才能与之相当。[77]  超新星研究有着关乎人类自身命运的深层意义。如果一颗超新星爆发的位置非常接近地球，目前国际天文学界普遍认为此距离在100光年以内，它就能够对地球的生物圈产生明显的影响，这样的超新星被称为近地超新星。有研究认为，在地球历史上的奥陶纪大灭绝，就是一颗近地超新星引起的，这次灭绝导致当时地球近60%的海洋生物消失。[78]

克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的，换句话近代科学兴起的先驱者、是捍卫科学真理并为此献身的殉道士。有另一种说法认为，近代以来关于罗马梵蒂冈的地心说和哥白尼的日心说的斗争是被严重夸大的。布鲁诺1600年遭受火刑的原因，并非因知行星围绕太阳作圆周运动。然而，人们是否能接受哥白尼提出的新的宇宙模式呢？全世界的人——尤其是权力极大的天主教会是否相信太阳是宇宙中心这一说法呢？由于害怕教会的惩罚，哥白尼在世时不敢公开他的发现。1543年，这一发现才公诸天下。即使在那个时候，哥白尼的发现还不断受到教会高无上的真理，凡是违背圣经的学说，Eighteen months passed. The Chief was in Quebec with Hannah and Abbie awaiting the arrival of Rug, who had been sent by his father to the Mother Land to dispose of two cargoes of timber. It was an unusually cold evening in June. Snow had been falling all day. The neighboring hills were covered with large feathery crystals, which, however, soon melted as the sun appeared for a moment before sinking behind the gray walls of the Castle St. Louis. Just as the evening gun was fired, news had reached the union Hotel that a vessel had been sighted near the Island of Orleans. It was ascertained that it was the Dorris, in command of Captain French, and that Rug was on board. They were soon speeding down Mountain Street in a caleche to the docks, where they secured passage in a small row-boat which was going out to the vessel. The genial captain invited them to take tea with him, and said that Rug was below supervising and arranging with the Customs Officer about the baggage of his numerous protégés, and would be on deck shortly. Hannah burst into a paroxysm of tears when she caught sight of her long-lost lover, who had been compelled to leave only a few weeks after their marriage. He looked twenty years older, and appeared careworn, haggard and ill. As they were seated round the table he gave an account of his travels. “When I received your letter,” he said, addressing his father, “I chartered two vessels and persuaded Archie and Jonathan Campbell to go with me for a pleasure trip. 一个真正有阅历的人，经历足够多的人，发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为懂得，人人都有他的难处。一个朋友最近刚从从老家重新杀回广州。前段时间他妈妈病了，动了一次大手术。他回了一趟家，又回来了。回到广州后，他整个人都变了，变得和颜悦色，温柔平和。以前，他总非常鄙视那些从北上广背着包回家去的人。按照他的标准，那都是没能力在这座城市生存下去所以被抛弃的人，都是弱者、失败者。不管是出于什么原因，离开自己奋斗的地方，就是撤退，而撤退就是宣告自己无能。他的价值观也很硬，认为世界非黑即白，用成功和失败作为衡量人生的唯一价值尺度，认为成功者就应该站在领奖台上，万众瞩目，接受鲜花掌声；认为失败者就应该躲到角落里，暗自啜泣，接受自己和他人的责骂。他这次重回广州，话风完全不一样，不再那么充满鸡血，开始包容，对手下的人也没那么苛刻，不再要求他们一味地加班，甚至劝告他们多花些时间在家人和朋友身上。而对于那些准备从北上广撤退回家当公务员的朋友，他也不像以前，跳起来指着人家鼻子骂你个怂货，这么容易就认输了。他很真诚地跟别人说：“想清楚了吧，想清楚了就决定，每个人都有每个人的难处，毕竟只有你自己知道，什么才是最重要的。” 他说：“我现在越来越能理解我身边的人，理解他们的处境和选择。” 这一切改变源自一年前，他得到消息说母亲病了，而且非常严重，需要尽快手术。他匆匆请假回家陪着妈妈，他原本以为只要请几天假陪妈度过手术这段时间就可以回广州工作了，但是手术术后恢复周期实在太长，而且他看到他妈妈躺在病床上，实在不忍心一个人跑回广州去谈所谓的奋斗和成功。于是他心一横，辞职了，空档了将近一年，专门陪着他妈妈做手术、住院、出院，陪着在家唠嗑，出去旅游。在这一年里，他还遇到了很多之前在北上广打拼的朋友，了解他们在老家的生活，也知道了他们为什么最终选择了回家。他想明白了很多事情。他说：“以前我妈妈没病的时候，我不懂那些回家照顾父母的人，我觉得他们是找借口，是失败，如果有钱，干嘛不找个保姆照顾呢？现在发现，父母真的是需要自己去照顾。” “而且我最近也在思考，父母、家庭、事业，究竟什么才是最重要的，不同的人选择不同，会有不同的人生，而这些选择，其实都应该是没有失败的。人，其实只有经历以后，才会懂得。” 人生的确即是如此，只有真正经历过很多事情之后，我们才会站在更高的维度去看待这个世界，而不是很单纯地用自己私人的视角去苛责别人，去评判世界。同样的情况，也常常发生在我们对父母的理解上。最近，看到一位母亲写的文章，她说：“以前妈妈总是让我做这做那，让我注意这个注意那个，那个时候我总是很不耐烦，觉得她啰嗦，总是责怪她。现在自己当了妈，才知道她当时的处境、想法。就像我妈经常说的，孩子，等你当了妈你就知道了。” 是的，年轻时，我们总是觉得与父母隔阂甚重。觉得他们思想陈旧，观念老套，跟不上新的时代，难以与他们沟通。甚至，我们还会觉得他们反倒成了成长路上的拦路虎。那个时候，不太懂得家这个概念，只想着自己，想着未来，想着长大。后来，自己求学工作，结婚生子，把当年父母经历的那些阶段和事情都重新经历了一遍，这才慢慢长大，有所感悟。当你成家了以后，你就会发现，需要考虑的事情，考虑的问题很多，家庭收入、家人健康、孩子成长、孩子教育等等，你就会开始懂得当初父母的那些话，做的那些事。也许你现在正在喋喋不休责怪你的父母；也许你现在正在责怪身边的朋友同事，责怪他们为什么不能坚持，为什么放弃，为什么做出这样的选择，等等。但是等你经历了一些事情之后，你终究会明白他们。你也会懂得，生活，其实没有一个简单的标准，任何用成败来评判他人的人，都很简单粗暴，也非常幼稚。一个真正成熟的人，一个真正有所经历的人，会发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为他越来越明白，人人都有他的难处，所以越来越能理解别人。We were nearly three months tossing about at the mercy of wind and wave when a hurricane swept the deck of the vessel, carrying with it the main-mast and sails. Water began to pour in at an alarming rate, and after a desperate struggle at the pumps the captain ordered all hands on deck. We felt that we had to prepare for the worst. The sailors had abandoned the pumps from exhaustion, and Jonathan and I took their places and worked until we, too, were exhausted, and as others took our places we retired to the stern, where we found Archie in a sheltered nook, seated upon a coil of rope, playing his violin, apparently oblivious of our perilous condition. “For two days the work at the pumps was a matter of life and death, and when at last the wind subsided we drifted about helplessly until a passing vessel saw our signals of distress and towed us from the Bay of Biscay to Bristol, where the necessary repairs were made to enable us to proceed to Liverpool. We soon disposed of the timber at good profit, and Jonathan, Archie and I took the stage-coach for London, where we had the honor of being presented at Court to gay Prince Geordie, who is acting as Regent, owing to his father’s mental derangement. I wish you could have seen the Carleton House,” he said, turning to Hannah. “He built it at a cost of ￡250,000 sterling, and had to sell his stud of race-horses and discharge most of his servants to meet the demands of the creditors, for he had led such a wild, dissipated life that the King and Parliament refused for a long time to help him out of his difficulties. “We visited many places of interest in London and the old farm in Kent, which we found bordered on that of General Wolfe. Then we crossed to France, and after having with great difficulty secured passports, drove to Paris. “If we had arrived on the scene only a few months sooner we might have seen how Napoleon turned Louis XVIII. from the kingdom, or we might have seen the great battle of Waterloo; but Napoleon is now safe at St. Helena, where he was sent last October.” “The story of Napoleon Bonaparte,” said Captain French, “presents probably the most remarkable example in the world of the action of great intellect and resolute will, unrestrained by conscience, and shows both the possible success which may reward, for a time, the most unscrupulous selfishness and also, fortunately, its certain ultimate failure and overthrow.” “Notwithstanding which, I have the greatest admiration for Napoleon,” said Rug. “The Captain’s sentiments are mine,” said the Chief. “He was a man of no conscience, no heart, and one of the most uncompromising enemies of constitutional liberty that the world has ever seen. I am amazed that a born republican like you, Rug, could see anything to admire in despotism or tyranny.” “Did you see anything of poor Josephine?” asked Abbie. “No,” he said. “The Empress Queen Dowager died two years ago, but we saw her beautiful home, ‘Malmaison.’ “If one may judge from appearances, it will take many years for France to recover from the effects of the Reign of Terror. My object, however, in visiting France and England was that I might see something of their progressive developments in agriculture and commerce, so that we might adopt the newest and best methods in building up our own little colony. I have brought with me,” he continued, “the latest novelties in the way of general merchandise; I have brought the newest inventions in agricultural and milling machinery; I have Herefordshire and Devon cattle, of most renowned ancestors, who have not ceased to protest against a sea voyage from the time they left Liverpool. “Nor is this all,” he said; “I have something better still on board for the new settlement, namely, twenty-five English families, who are going to take up land in the township and pay for it in work.” “And who nearly turned mutineers,” added the captain, slapping him on the shoulder, “did they not, Wright?” “How was that?” asked the Chief. “When we boarded the vessel at Liverpool,” replied Rug, “some were bright and cheerful, but most of them were in tears, which showed that they did not leave the Old Land without a struggle. We soon weighed anchor and were under sail with a fair wind, but it came round to the east and blew fresher, so that we were forced to come to anchor not far from the place we left. The ship, as you may see, was fitted up for the timber trade, and has only a small cabin or quarter-deck. On each side are ranged two tiers of berths for passengers providing their own bedding. Along the open space in the middle we placed two rows of large chests which were used sometimes as tables, sometimes as seats—all of which I shall show you presently. There was much noise and confusion before all found berths; crying children, swearing sailors, scolding women, who had not been able to secure the beds they wanted, produced a chorus of a very melancholy nature. The disagreeableness of it was heightened by the darkness of the night and the rolling and tossing of the ship. After breakfast, as usual, all began to be sick. I took the advice of the sailors and drank some salt water, which acted as an emetic, and I soon felt better. “Unfortunately, while we were still at anchor, boats came from the shore with friends of the sailors, who smuggled a lot of liquor on board, and before the captain discovered it the whole crew was drunk. We were wakened at an early hour next morning by the violent motion of the ship, for there was a perfect gale blowing from the north-west. The sea was roaring and foaming around us. The passengers were all sick. Things grew worse and worse. Consternation and alarm were in every face. Children were crying, women wringing their hands, and I could see by the angry looks of the men that they would like to have thrown me overboard. The ship had little ballast, and it mounted the waves like a feather. Sometimes a hard sea would break over her with a shock that would make every one stagger. After a sleepless night, in which I received many a bruise and uttered many a groan, the captain informed us that the squall had carried away our mainyard and rigging, and that we were on our way back to Bristol to refit. At one time, when the ship was on her side, several chests, though strongly lashed to the deck, broke from their moorings, and in their progress downwards carried destruction to everything on which they happened to fall. “What a sight the deck presented! Do you remember, Captain? Clothes, spoons, shoes, hats, bottles, dishes, were strewn about in endless confusion. The next day the captain returned with the mainyard dragging behind his boat, but owing to a strong head wind we could not prepare nor rig it till the following day, when all the men on board who could get round it assisted at the work, and we were soon speeding along at the rate of six miles an hour with a fine favorable breeze. “The next day we made one hundred miles in twelve hours. I cannot describe what took place after that, for I was too ill. It was well that I was ill, for the indignation of the men and the fury of the women were almost unbounded as they thought of having consented to leave their comfortable cottages to follow me to what I had represented was a new and better country. “As we neared the banks of Newfoundland a most extraordinary phenomenon was produced by the dashing of the salt water against the bow of the ship in the evening. The water seemed on fire and produced a very fine effect. The next day a mass of ice appeared about two hundred yards distant. It was almost half a mile in length, and was moving south-east. Soon after we found the channel between Cape Breton and Cape Ray, and got into the ice. The captain sent eight men to the bow with fenders. One piece knocked splinters off the bow and threw us all down. About five days later we reached the Island of Anticosti, but I was too ill to see it. We saw porpoises in shoals plunging about the ship, while the sailors tried to harpoon them beneath the bow. About two hundred and eighty miles below Quebec the pilot came on board. His number was painted in large characters on his sail as well as on his boat. He had a cask of fresh water and some maple sugar, which he sold at an extortionate price to the passengers. “Near Bic Island we saw whales spouting water at a great height, and a habitant came out in a boat with a large basket of eggs, which he disposed of at a shilling per dozen, and so we continued on until the domes and towers of Quebec came in sight and I began to realize the inexpressible joy of being at home once more.”* * Diary of Rev. Robert Bell and letters of R. Wright. Rug was a young man of great executive ability, a young man whose word could be relied upon with absolute certainty, a young man who proved himself the very soul of honor in all his business transactions.都被斥为“异端邪说”，凡是反对神权统治的人，都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展，掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争，出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器，就是未被神学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这就是震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利，很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时，商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下，许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识，从实际中积累起来的观测资料，使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙 CHAPTER IV. AN INDIAN SUITOR. 1803. Machecawa and his friend O’Jawescawa became frequent visitors at the Wigwam. They would come in the morning, uninvited, and sit silently all day long before the open fire and observe all that was going on. The spinning-wheel and hand-loom were objects of unceasing interest to them, and though it proved a great distraction to the children in their studies, and to the girls in the performance of their domestic duties, to have them there, they were always treated not only with respect but with consideration and kindness. One morning Machecawa stood gazing intently into the fire. His face wore an expression of perplexity. At length he turned to the White Chief, who was explaining a mathematical problem to one of his boys, and said: “Big Injun, he want to speak his thoughts from books. He want to know white man’s Manitou.” “May I teach him, father? Just for an hour every day?” said Chrissy, a tall, fair, thoughtful girl of seventeen, who was known throughout the settlement as the “Saint,” for she had been led to take a serious view of life by a Quaker friend in the old school at Woburn. “It would be such a pleasure for me to lead him to a knowledge of the truth.” The father readily granted the request, and it was arranged that he should receive instruction from Chrissy every morning while the younger boys were having their lessons. Never had teacher a more apt, humble, or willing pupil. Never had pupil a more considerate, patient, kind-hearted instructor. Over and over again did she repeat words and sentences until at last the Indian found, to his unspeakable joy, that he was beginning to acquire the words pretty freely. The morning hour with Machecawa proved of such interest that it was not an uncommon thing to see the White Chief and all the children listening intently to Chrissy and the Indian as they compared their respective creeds. One morning, after she had been giving an account of the creation and the deluge, she said, “Now, tell me what you think of these things. Do the Indians ever think of how the world was made? Did they ever hear of a flood?” Machecawa replied in broken English, the interpretation of which is as follows: The Indian believes that the great Manabozo is king of all other animal kings. The West Wind is his father, and his mother is grand-daughter of the Moon. Sometimes he is a wolf; sometimes a hare; sometimes he is a wicked spirit. Manabozo was hunting with his brother, a wolf, who fell through the ice in a lake and was eaten by snakes. Manabozo was very cross and changed himself into the stump of a tree and surprised the king of the serpents and killed him. The snakes were all Manitous, and they made the water flood the world. Manabozo climbed a tree which grew and grew as the flood came up and was saved from the wicked spirits. Manabozo looked over the waters and he saw a loon, and he cried to the loon for help to save the world. The loon went under the water to look for mud to build the world again, but he could not find the bottom. Then a muskrat tried, but he came up on his back nearly dead. Manabozo looked in his paws and found a little mud, and he took the mud and the dead body of the loon and with it created the world anew again. “And do you believe that?” said the White Chief. “Our tribe she believe like that,” replied the Indian. “What is that thing tied round your neck, Machecawa?” said Bearie, the second son, a short, well knit, sturdy-looking youth of eighteen, whose every expression reflected a bright, happy, generous disposition. “She am my Manitou,” replied the Indian. “What is a Manitou? Every Indian you meet with seems to differ on the subject.” “Some tam she am wan ting, some tam she am anodder.” “That is evading the question,” said Chrissy. “What kind of a Manitou have you got inside o 一个真正有阅历的人，经历足够多的人，发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为懂得，人人都有他的难处。一个朋友最近刚从从老家重新杀回广州。前段时间他妈妈病了，动了一次大手术。他回了一趟家，又回来了。回到广州后，他整个人都变了，变得和颜悦色，温柔平和。以前，他总非常鄙视那些从北上广背着包回家去的人。按照他的标准，那都是没能力在这座城市生存下去所以被抛弃的人，都是弱者、失败者。不管是出于什么原因，离开自己奋斗的地方，就是撤退，而撤退就是宣告自己无能。他的价值观也很硬，认为世界非黑即白，用成功和失败作为衡量人生的唯一价值尺度，认为成功者就应该站在领奖台上，万众瞩目，接受鲜花掌声；认为失败者就应该躲到角落里，暗自啜泣，接受自己和他人的责骂。他这次重回广州，话风完全不一样，不再那么充满鸡血，开始包容，对手下的人也没那么苛刻，不再要求他们一味地加班，甚至劝告他们多花些时间在家人和朋友身上。而对于那些准备从北上广撤退回家当公务员的朋友，他也不像以前，跳起来指着人家鼻子骂你个怂货，这么容易就认输了。他很真诚地跟别人说：“想清楚了吧，想清楚了就决定，每个人都有每个人的难处，毕竟只有你自己知道，什么才是最重要的。” 他说：“我现在越来越能理解我身边的人，理解他们的处境和选择。” 这一切改变源自一年前，他得到消息说母亲病了，而且非常严重，需要尽快手术。他匆匆请假回家陪着妈妈，他原本以为只要请几天假陪妈度过手术这段时间就可以回广州工作了，但是手术术后恢复周期实在太长，而且他看到他妈妈躺在病床上，实在不忍心一个人跑回广州去谈所谓的奋斗和成功。于是他心一横，辞职了，空档了将近一年，专门陪着他妈妈做手术、住院、出院，陪着在家唠嗑，出去旅游。在这一年里，他还遇到了很多之前在北上广打拼的朋友，了解他们在老家的生活，也知道了他们为什么最终选择了回家。他想明白了很多事情。他说：“以前我妈妈没病的时候，我不懂那些回家照顾父母的人，我觉得他们是找借口，是失败，如果有钱，干嘛不找个保姆照顾呢？现在发现，父母真的是需要自己去照顾。” “而且我最近也在思考，父母、家庭、事业，究竟什么才是最重要的，不同的人选择不同，会有不同的人生，而这些选择，其实都应该是没有失败的。人，其实只有经历以后，才会懂得。” 人生的确即是如此，只有真正经历过很多事情之后，我们才会站在更高的维度去看待这个世界，而不是很单纯地用自己私人的视角去苛责别人，去评判世界。同样的情况，也常常发生在我们对父母的理解上。最近，看到一位母亲写的文章，她说：“以前妈妈总是让我做这做那，让我注意这个注意那个，那个时候我总是很不耐烦，觉得她啰嗦，总是责怪她。现在自己当了妈，才知道她当时的处境、想法。就像我妈经常说的，孩子，等你当了妈你就知道了。” 是的，年轻时，我们总是觉得与父母隔阂甚重。觉得他们思想陈旧，观念老套，跟不上新的时代，难以与他们沟通。甚至，我们还会觉得他们反倒成了成长路上的拦路虎。那个时候，不太懂得家这个概念，只想着自己，想着未来，想着长大。后来，自己求学工作，结婚生子，把当年父母经历的那些阶段和事情都重新经历了一遍，这才慢慢长大，有所感悟。当你成家了以后，你就会发现，需要考虑的事情，考虑的问题很多，家庭收入、家人健康、孩子成长、孩子教育等等，你就会开始懂得当初父母的那些话，做的那些事。也许你现在正在喋喋不休责怪你的父母；也许你现在正在责怪身边的朋友同事，责怪他们为什么不能坚持，为什么放弃，为什么做出这样的选择，等等。但是等你经历了一些事情之后，你终究会明白他们。你也会懂得，生活，其实没有一个简单的标准，任何用成败来评判他人的人，都很简单粗暴，也非常幼稚。一个真正成熟的人，一个真正有所经历的人，会发现身边可以责怪的人越来越少，因为他越来越明白，人人都有他的难处，所以越来越能理解别人。f that little bag which is tied round your neck?” persisted Bearie. “Will you let me see it?” “No! No!! No!!!” he said excitedly. “My Manitou she am not be pleese.” “Come, now, old man,” he said. “Tell us all about it.” “What is it?” “How did you get it?” “What is it for?” “Waal,” he said, reluctantly, “When I am a boy, me, just become a man, my fadder, he say, ‘Machecawa, tam you got a manitou.’ My face he paint black, black. He say, heem, ‘you no eat no teeng seex days.’ By em by I am dream some teeng, me, dat some teeng she am my manitou. She help me kill beeg bear; she mak dem Iroquois dogs run like one wild moose. My fadder she am pleese; she make my manitou on my arm—see!” he said, rolling up his sleeve. On his shoulder was the rude outline of a fish, which had been tatooed with sharp bones and with the juice of berries rubbed in. “But what is in the little bag?” asked Bearie. “Will you let me see it?” After a good deal of reluctance he gave in at last, and two curious boys untied the precious parcel, while the others, equally curious, looked over his shoulders at a few old broken fish bones which were all the little bag contained. “Well, old man,” said Bearie, slowly replacing the sacred relics, “we put our faith in something better than that. The white man trusts the Great Spirit in heaven to care for him and to take him to heaven when he dies.” “Any bear in hebben?” asked the Indian. “No,” said Bearie, “only good people.” “Dat hebben she am no good for big Injun,” said Machecawa, sadly. “De happy hunting ground she am full of moose, buffalo, bear, beaver. She am far, far away at de end of land, where de sun she sleep—two, tree moons away. One beeg dog she am cross, an’ she bark at dead Injun, but he go on, an’ on, an’ on, an’ den he am glad.” It began to dawn upon the vigilant mother at length that it was not so much the wonders of civilization nor the desire to “speak his thoughts from books” that led Machecawa day after day to the Wigwam, as an ever-increasing interest in her fun-loving daughter, Abbie, who was a year younger than Chrissy, and who seemed unconscious of the fact that the eyes of the red chief were ever upon her.学说值得怀疑，这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密，从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年，意大利著名的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆，麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周，证明地球是圆形的，使人们开始真正认识地球。[4] 对他国的影响 在教会严密控制下的中世纪，也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合圣经的教诲，而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类神学家的自身成果，所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织，发起回归圣经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯（1369～1415年）在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他虽然被反动教会处以火刑，但他的革命活动在社会上引起了强烈的反应。捷克农民在胡斯党人的旗帜下举行起义，这次运动也波及波兰。1517年，在德国，马丁·路德（1483～1546年）反对教会贩卖赎罪符，与罗马教皇公开决裂。1521年，路德又在沃尔姆国会上揭露罗马教廷的罪恶，并提出建立基督教新教的主张。新教的教义得到许多国家的支持，波兰也深受影响。