{"id":96791,"date":"2022-01-21T00:25:16","date_gmt":"2022-01-20T16:25:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/?p=96791"},"modified":"2022-01-21T00:25:16","modified_gmt":"2022-01-20T16:25:16","slug":"%e4%ba%94%e4%b8%87%e5%ad%97%e8%af%bb%e6%87%82c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/?p=96791","title":{"rendered":"\u4e94\u4e07\u5b57\u8bfb\u61c2c++"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">const\u4f5c\u7528<br><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u4fee\u9970\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\uff1b<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08pointer to const\uff09\u548c\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\uff0cconst pointer\uff09\uff1b<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff08reference to const\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5f62\u53c2\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u53c8\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u503c\u7684\u4fee\u6539\uff1b<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fee\u6539\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">const \u7684\u6307\u9488\u4e0e\u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u6307\u9488<ul><li>\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08pointer to const\uff09<\/li><li>\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5e38\u91cf\u6307\u9488\uff0cconst pointer\uff09<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>\u5f15\u7528<ul><li>\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff08reference to const\uff09<\/li><li>\u6ca1\u6709 const reference\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u522b\u540d\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528 const \u4fee\u9970<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\uff08\u4e3a\u4e86\u65b9\u4fbf\u8bb0\u5fc6\u53ef\u4ee5\u60f3\u6210\uff09\u88ab const \u4fee\u9970\uff08\u5728 const \u540e\u9762\uff09\u7684\u503c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u7684&nbsp;<code>p2<\/code>\u3001<code>p3<\/code><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f7f\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>const \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0\u7c7bclass\u00a0A{private:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0int\u00a0a;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u6216\u8005\u7c7b\u5185\u521d\u59cb\u5316public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A()\u00a0:\u00a0a(0)\u00a0{\u00a0};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A(int\u00a0x)\u00a0:\u00a0a(x)\u00a0{\u00a0};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0const\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u91cd\u8f7d\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u533a\u5206\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0getValue();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u666e\u901a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0getValue()\u00a0const;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4fee\u6539\u7c7b\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u7684\u503c};void\u00a0function(){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5bf9\u8c61\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0b;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u666e\u901a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8c03\u7528\u5168\u90e8\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0A\u00a0a;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u8c03\u7528\u5e38\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0A\u00a0*p\u00a0=\u00a0&a;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0A\u00a0&amp;q\u00a0=\u00a0a;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6307\u9488\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0char\u00a0greeting[]\u00a0=\u00a0\"Hello\";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0char*\u00a0p1\u00a0=\u00a0greeting;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u53d8\u91cf\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0char*\u00a0p2\u00a0=\u00a0greeting;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u5e38\u91cf\uff08const\u00a0\u540e\u9762\u662f\u00a0char\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\uff08char\uff09\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\uff09\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0char*\u00a0const\u00a0p3\u00a0=\u00a0greeting;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u53d8\u91cf\uff08const\u00a0\u540e\u9762\u662f\u00a0p3\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u00a0p3\u00a0\u6307\u9488\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0d\u53ef\u6539\u53d8\uff09\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0char*\u00a0const\u00a0p4\u00a0=\u00a0greeting;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u81ea\u8eab\u662f\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5b57\u7b26\u6570\u7ec4\u5e38\u91cf}\/\/\u00a0\u51fd\u6570void\u00a0function1(const\u00a0int\u00a0Var);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u4f20\u9012\u8fc7\u6765\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8void\u00a0function2(const\u00a0char*\u00a0Var);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6240\u6307\u5185\u5bb9\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cfvoid\u00a0function3(char*\u00a0const\u00a0Var);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u53c2\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cfvoid\u00a0function4(const\u00a0int&amp;\u00a0Var);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5f15\u7528\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cf\/\/\u00a0\u51fd\u6570\u8fd4\u56de\u503cconst\u00a0int\u00a0function5();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u6570const int* function6();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\uff1aconst int *p = function6();int* const function7();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5e38\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\uff1aint* const p = function7();<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49 #define \u548c const \u5e38\u91cf<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<table class=\"wp-block-table\"><thead><tr><th>\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49 #define<\/th><th>const \u5e38\u91cf<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5b57\u7b26\u66ff\u6362<\/td><td>\u5e38\u91cf\u58f0\u660e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u9884\u5904\u7406\u5668\u5904\u7406<\/td><td>\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5904\u7406<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u65e0\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5<\/td><td>\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u4e0d\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58<\/td><td>\u8981\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u6bb5<\/td><td>\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u6570\u636e\u6bb5<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7&nbsp;<code>#undef<\/code>&nbsp;\u53d6\u6d88<\/td><td>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d6\u6d88<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">static<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f5c\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u4fee\u9970\u666e\u901a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4fee\u6539\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u533a\u57df\u548c\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff0c\u4f7f\u53d8\u91cf\u5b58\u50a8\u5728\u9759\u6001\u533a\uff0c\u5728 main \u51fd\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u524d\u5c31\u5206\u914d\u4e86\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u5c31\u7528\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b83\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b83\u3002<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ec5\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u5728\u591a\u4eba\u5f00\u53d1\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u540d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4f4d\u4e3a static\u3002<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u4f7f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ea\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e00\u4e2a\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li><li>\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728 static \u51fd\u6570\u5185\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">this \u6307\u9488<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li><code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u542b\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u9759\u6001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6307\u9488\u3002\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li><li>\u5f53\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u8c03\u7528\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5148\u5c06\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5730\u5740\u8d4b\u7ed9&nbsp;<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8c03\u7528\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u5b58\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u90fd\u9690\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/li><li>\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u5411\u5b83\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u9690\u542b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8be5\u53c2\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u5411\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002<\/li><li><code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u88ab\u9690\u542b\u5730\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a:&nbsp;<code>ClassName *const this<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ed9&nbsp;<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u8d4b\u503c\uff1b\u5728&nbsp;<code>ClassName<\/code>&nbsp;\u7c7b\u7684&nbsp;<code>const<\/code>&nbsp;\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3a\uff1a<code>const ClassName* const<\/code>\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9&nbsp;<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u9488\u6240\u6307\u5411\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fee\u6539\u7684\uff08\u5373\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\uff1b<\/li><li><code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c4\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e2a\u53f3\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d6\u5f97&nbsp;<code>this<\/code>&nbsp;\u7684\u5730\u5740\uff08\u4e0d\u80fd&nbsp;<code>&amp;this<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/li><li>\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ecf\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u5f15\u7528<code>this<br><\/code>\u6307\u9488\uff1a<ol><li>\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u94fe\u5f0f\u5f15\u7528\uff1b<\/li><li>\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u8d4b\u503c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b<\/li><li>\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u5982&nbsp;<code>list<\/code>\u3002<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">inline \u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7279\u5f81<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u628a\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5199\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u5904\uff1b<\/li><li>\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u4e0d\u7528\u6267\u884c\u8fdb\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\uff1b<\/li><li>\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5b8f\uff0c\u5374\u6bd4\u5b8f\u591a\u4e86\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u5177\u6709\u51fd\u6570\u7279\u6027\uff1b<\/li><li>\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u5185\u8054\u5305\u542b\u5faa\u73af\u3001\u9012\u5f52\u3001switch \u7b49\u590d\u6742\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff1b<\/li><li>\u5728\u7c7b\u58f0\u660e\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u51fd\u6570\u90fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u9690\u5f0f\u5730\u5f53\u6210\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f7f\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>inline \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0\u58f0\u660e1\uff08\u52a0\u00a0inline\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\uff09inline\u00a0int\u00a0functionName(int\u00a0first,\u00a0int\u00a0second,...);\/\/\u00a0\u58f0\u660e2\uff08\u4e0d\u52a0\u00a0inline\uff09int\u00a0functionName(int\u00a0first,\u00a0int\u00a0second,...);\/\/\u00a0\u5b9a\u4e49inline\u00a0int\u00a0functionName(int\u00a0first,\u00a0int\u00a0second,...)\u00a0{\/****\/};\/\/\u00a0\u7c7b\u5185\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u9690\u5f0f\u5185\u8054class\u00a0A\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0doA()\u00a0{\u00a0return\u00a00;\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9690\u5f0f\u5185\u8054}\/\/\u00a0\u7c7b\u5916\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u5185\u8054class\u00a0A\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0doA();}inline\u00a0int\u00a0A::doA()\u00a0{\u00a0return\u00a00;\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9700\u8981\u663e\u5f0f\u5185\u8054<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5bf9 inline \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5904\u7406\u6b65\u9aa4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u5c06 inline \u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u590d\u5236\u5230 inline \u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u70b9\u5904\uff1b<\/li><li>\u4e3a\u6240\u7528 inline \u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1b<\/li><li>\u5c06 inline \u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7684\u8f93\u5165\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u8fd4\u56de\u503c\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u91cf\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff1b<\/li><li>\u5982\u679c inline \u51fd\u6570\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u8fd4\u56de\u70b9\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a inline \u51fd\u6570\u4ee3\u7801\u5757\u672b\u5c3e\u7684\u5206\u652f\uff08\u4f7f\u7528 GOTO\uff09\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f18\u7f3a\u70b9<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f18\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u540c\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u4e00\u6837\u5c06\u5728\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u5904\u8fdb\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u7701\u53bb\u4e86\u53c2\u6570\u538b\u6808\u3001\u6808\u5e27\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e0e\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd4\u56de\u7b49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8fd0\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u3002<\/li><li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u76f8\u6bd4\u5b8f\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u5c55\u5f00\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u505a\u5b89\u5168\u68c0\u67e5\u6216\u81ea\u52a8\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff08\u540c\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u5219\u4e0d\u4f1a\u3002<\/li><li>\u5728\u7c7b\u4e2d\u58f0\u660e\u540c\u65f6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u81ea\u52a8\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95ee\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002<\/li><li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u53ef\u8c03\u8bd5\uff0c\u800c\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7f3a\u70b9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u4ee3\u7801\u81a8\u80c0\u3002\u5185\u8054\u662f\u4ee5\u4ee3\u7801\u81a8\u80c0\uff08\u590d\u5236\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6267\u884c\u51fd\u6570\u4f53\u5185\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5f00\u9500\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6548\u7387\u7684\u6536\u83b7\u4f1a\u5f88\u5c11\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5904\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8c03\u7528\u90fd\u8981\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5c06\u4f7f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u603b\u4ee3\u7801\u91cf\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u6d88\u8017\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li><li>inline \u51fd\u6570\u65e0\u6cd5\u968f\u7740\u51fd\u6570\u5e93\u5347\u7ea7\u800c\u5347\u7ea7\u3002inline\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u7f16\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0d\u50cf non-inline \u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u94fe\u63a5\u3002<\/li><li>\u662f\u5426\u5185\u8054\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a7\u3002\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u8054\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\u5728\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff08virtual\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff08inline\uff09\u5417\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Are &#8220;inline virtual&#8221; member functions ever actually &#8220;inlined&#8221;?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5185\u8054\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u9970\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f53\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u73b0\u591a\u6001\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u80fd\u5185\u8054\u3002<\/li><li>\u5185\u8054\u662f\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5efa\u8bae\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5185\u8054\uff0c\u800c\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u591a\u6001\u6027\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u65e0\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u8c03\u7528\u54ea\u4e2a\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u591a\u6001\u6027\u65f6\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff09\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5185\u8054\u3002<\/li><li><code>inline virtual<\/code>&nbsp;\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u5185\u8054\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\uff1a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u77e5\u9053\u6240\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff08\u5982&nbsp;<code>Base::who()<\/code>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5177\u6709\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5f15\u7528\u65f6\u624d\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5185\u8054\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include\u00a0&lt;iostream>\u00a0\u00a0using\u00a0namespace\u00a0std;class\u00a0Base{public:\u00a0inline\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0who()\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"I\u00a0am\u00a0Base\\n\";\u00a0}\u00a0virtual\u00a0~Base()\u00a0{}};class\u00a0Derived\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Base{public:\u00a0inline\u00a0void\u00a0who()\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u4e0d\u5199inline\u65f6\u9690\u5f0f\u5185\u8054\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"I\u00a0am\u00a0Derived\\n\";\u00a0}};int\u00a0main(){\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570 who()\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\uff08Base\uff09\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08b\uff09\u6765\u8c03\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5185\u8054\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u5426\u5185\u8054\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u3002\u00a0\u00a0Base\u00a0b;\u00a0b.who();\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u5448\u73b0\u591a\u6001\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u671f\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u5185\u8054\u3002\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Base\u00a0*ptr\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0Derived();\u00a0ptr->who();\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u56e0\u4e3aBase\u6709\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff08virtual\u00a0~Base()\u00a0{}\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5 delete \u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\uff08Derived\uff09\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\uff08Base\uff09\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\u3002\u00a0delete\u00a0ptr;\u00a0ptr\u00a0=\u00a0nullptr;\u00a0system(\"pause\");\u00a0return\u00a00;}\u00a0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">volatile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>volatile\u00a0int\u00a0i\u00a0=\u00a010;\u00a0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>volatile \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\uff0c\u7528\u5b83\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53d8\u91cf\u8868\u793a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u67d0\u4e9b\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff08\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u5176\u5b83\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7b49\uff09\u66f4\u6539\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 volatile \u544a\u8bc9\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4e0d\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\u3002<\/li><li>volatile \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u8bbf\u95ee\u65f6\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u53d6\u51fa\u503c\uff08\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab volatile \u4fee\u9970\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7531\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u4ece CPU \u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\u53d6\u503c\uff09<\/li><li>const \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f volatile \uff08\u5982\u53ea\u8bfb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff09<\/li><li>\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f volatile<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">assert()<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5b8f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u51fd\u6570\u3002assert \u5b8f\u7684\u539f\u578b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5728&nbsp;<code>&lt;assert.h&gt;<\/code>\uff08C\uff09\u3001<code>&lt;cassert&gt;<\/code>\uff08C++\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u8fd4\u56de\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5219\u7ec8\u6b62\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u4e49&nbsp;<code>NDEBUG<\/code>&nbsp;\u6765\u5173\u95ed assert\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u5728\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5f00\u5934\uff0c<code>include &lt;assert.h&gt;<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e4b\u524d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>assert() \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#define\u00a0NDEBUG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u52a0\u4e0a\u8fd9\u884c\uff0c\u5219\u00a0assert\u00a0\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528#include\u00a0&lt;assert.h>assert(\u00a0p\u00a0!=\u00a0NULL\u00a0);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0assert\u00a0\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">sizeof()<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>sizeof \u5bf9\u6570\u7ec4\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u6570\u7ec4\u6240\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li><li>sizeof \u5bf9\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u6307\u9488\u672c\u8eab\u6240\u5360\u7a7a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">#pragma pack(n)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u3001\u8054\u5408\u4ee5\u53ca\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u4ee5 n \u5b57\u8282\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u9f50<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#pragma pack(n) \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#pragma\u00a0pack(push)\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u4fdd\u5b58\u5bf9\u9f50\u72b6\u6001#pragma\u00a0pack(4)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u00a04\u00a0\u5b57\u8282\u5bf9\u9f50struct\u00a0test{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0char\u00a0m1;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0double\u00a0m4;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0m3;};#pragma\u00a0pack(pop)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u9f50\u72b6\u6001<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4f4d\u57df<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Bit\u00a0mode:\u00a02;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0mode\u00a0\u5360\u00a02\u00a0\u4f4d<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u5176\uff08\u975e\u9759\u6001\uff09\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4f4d\u57df\uff08bit-field\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f4d\u57df\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u4f4d\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6216\u786c\u4ef6\u8bbe\u5907\u4f20\u9012\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u7528\u5230\u4f4d\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u4f4d\u57df\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u5e03\u5c40\u662f\u4e0e\u673a\u5668\u6709\u5173\u7684<\/li><li>\u4f4d\u57df\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6574\u578b\u6216\u679a\u4e3e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u7c7b\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f4d\u57df\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5c06\u56e0\u5177\u4f53\u5b9e\u73b0\u800c\u5b9a<\/li><li>\u53d6\u5730\u5740\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\uff08&amp;\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u7528\u4e8e\u4f4d\u57df\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u9488\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6307\u5411\u7c7b\u7684\u4f4d\u57df<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">extern &#8220;C&#8221;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u88ab extern \u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u53d8\u91cf\u662f extern \u7c7b\u578b\u7684<\/li><li>\u88ab&nbsp;<code>extern \"C\"<\/code>&nbsp;\u4fee\u9970\u7684\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6309\u7167 C \u8bed\u8a00\u65b9\u5f0f\u7f16\u8bd1\u548c\u94fe\u63a5\u7684<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><code>extern \"C\"<\/code>&nbsp;\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u8ba9 C++ \u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06&nbsp;<code>extern \"C\"<\/code>&nbsp;\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5f53\u4f5c C \u8bed\u8a00\u4ee3\u7801\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d C++ \u56e0\u7b26\u53f7\u4fee\u9970\u5bfc\u81f4\u4ee3\u7801\u4e0d\u80fd\u548cC\u8bed\u8a00\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u8fdb\u884c\u94fe\u63a5\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>extern &#8220;C&#8221; \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#ifdef\u00a0__cplusplusextern\u00a0\"C\"\u00a0{#endifvoid\u00a0*memset(void\u00a0*,\u00a0int,\u00a0size_t);#ifdef\u00a0__cplusplus}#endif<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">struct \u548c typedef struct<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C \u4e2d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0ctypedef\u00a0struct\u00a0Student\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0age;\u00a0}\u00a0S;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0cstruct\u00a0Student\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0age;\u00a0};typedef\u00a0struct\u00a0Student\u00a0S;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6b64\u65f6&nbsp;<code>S<\/code>&nbsp;\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e&nbsp;<code>struct Student<\/code>\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53e6\u5916\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0e&nbsp;<code>struct Student<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\u7684&nbsp;<code>void Student() {}<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++ \u4e2d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff08\u641c\u7d22\u89c4\u5219\uff09\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8eC\u8bed\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u3001\u5982\u679c\u5728\u7c7b\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u7a7a\u95f4\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86&nbsp;<code>struct Student {...};<\/code>\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>Student me;<\/code>&nbsp;\u65f6\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06\u641c\u7d22\u5168\u5c40\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u8868\uff0c<code>Student<\/code>&nbsp;\u672a\u627e\u5230\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u7c7b\u6807\u8bc6\u7b26\u5185\u641c\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5373\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>Student<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>struct Student<\/code>\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0cppstruct\u00a0Student\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0age;\u00a0};void\u00a0f(\u00a0Student\u00a0me\u00a0);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\"struct\"\u00a0\u5173\u952e\u5b57\u53ef\u7701\u7565<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u82e5\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u4e0e&nbsp;<code>Student<\/code>&nbsp;\u540c\u540d\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5219&nbsp;<code>Student<\/code>&nbsp;\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>typedef\u00a0struct\u00a0Student\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0age;\u00a0}\u00a0S;void\u00a0Student()\u00a0{}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u540e\u00a0\"Student\"\u00a0\u53ea\u4ee3\u8868\u6b64\u51fd\u6570\/\/void\u00a0S()\u00a0{}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u7b26\u53f7\u00a0\"S\"\u00a0\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u00a0\"struct\u00a0Student\"\u00a0\u7684\u522b\u540dint\u00a0main()\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Student();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0struct\u00a0Student\u00a0me;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6216\u8005\u00a0\"S\u00a0me\";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++ \u4e2d struct \u548c class<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cstruct \u66f4\u9002\u5408\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f53\uff0cclass \u66f4\u9002\u5408\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u533a\u522b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u6700\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u5c31\u662f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236<ol><li>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8bbf\u95ee\u6743\u9650\u3002struct \u662f public \u7684\uff0cclass \u662f private \u7684\u3002<\/li><li>struct \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u662f public \u7684\uff0c\u800c class \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4f53\uff0c\u5b83\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7684\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u662f private \u7684\u3002<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">union \u8054\u5408<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8054\u5408\uff08union\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8282\u7701\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a union \u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u65f6\u523b\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6210\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u503c\u3002\u5f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u88ab\u8d4b\u503c\u540e\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u4e3a\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u8054\u5408\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u7b26\u4e3a public<\/li><li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u542b\u6709\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u80fd\u542b\u6709\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6210\u5458<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7c7b<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u80fd\u542b\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u533f\u540d union \u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u6240\u5728\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u53ef\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee union \u6210\u5458<\/li><li>\u533f\u540d union \u4e0d\u80fd\u5305\u542b protected \u6210\u5458\u6216 private \u6210\u5458<\/li><li>\u5168\u5c40\u533f\u540d\u8054\u5408\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u9759\u6001\uff08static\uff09\u7684<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>union \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include&lt;iostream>union\u00a0UnionTest\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0UnionTest()\u00a0:\u00a0i(10)\u00a0{};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0i;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0double\u00a0d;};static\u00a0union\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0i;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0double\u00a0d;};int\u00a0main()\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0UnionTest\u00a0u;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0union\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0i;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0double\u00a0d;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0u.i\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0std::endl;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u00a0UnionTest\u00a0\u8054\u5408\u7684\u00a010\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0::i\u00a0=\u00a020;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0::i\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0std::endl;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u5168\u5c40\u9759\u6001\u533f\u540d\u8054\u5408\u7684\u00a020\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0i\u00a0=\u00a030;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0i\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0std::endl;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u5c40\u90e8\u533f\u540d\u8054\u5408\u7684\u00a030\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C \u5b9e\u73b0 C++ \u7c7b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>C \u5b9e\u73b0 C++ \u7684\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7279\u6027\uff08\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u5c01\u88c5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u628a\u5c5e\u6027\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u5c01\u88c5\u5230\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u4e2d<\/li><li>\u7ee7\u627f\uff1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f53\u5d4c\u5957<\/li><li>\u591a\u6001\uff1a\u7236\u7c7b\u4e0e\u5b50\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u4e0d\u540c<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>[Can you write object-oriented code in C? closed]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">explicit\uff08\u663e\u5f0f\uff09\u5173\u952e\u5b57<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>explicit \u4fee\u9970\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u548c\u590d\u5236\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/li><li>explicit \u4fee\u9970\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f46 \u6309\u8bed\u5883\u8f6c\u6362 \u9664\u5916<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>explicit \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>struct\u00a0A{\u00a0A(int)\u00a0{\u00a0}\u00a0operator\u00a0bool()\u00a0const\u00a0{\u00a0return\u00a0true;\u00a0}};struct\u00a0B{\u00a0explicit\u00a0B(int)\u00a0{}\u00a0explicit\u00a0operator\u00a0bool()\u00a0const\u00a0{\u00a0return\u00a0true;\u00a0}};void\u00a0doA(A\u00a0a)\u00a0{}void\u00a0doB(B\u00a0b)\u00a0{}int\u00a0main(){\u00a0A a1(1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0A a2 = 1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u590d\u5236\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0A a3{ 1 };\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0A a4 =\u00a0{ 1 };\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0A a5 =\u00a0(A)1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8 static_cast \u7684\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0\u00a0doA(1);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u4ece int \u5230 A \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0if\u00a0(a1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 A::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u4ece A \u5230 bool \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool a6(a1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 A::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u4ece A \u5230 bool \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool a7 = a1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 A::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u4ece A \u5230 bool \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool a8 = static_cast&lt;bool>(a1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK \uff1astatic_cast \u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0B b1(1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0B b2 = 1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u590d\u5236\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0B b3{ 1 };\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u76f4\u63a5\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0B b4 =\u00a0{ 1 };\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0B b5 =\u00a0(B)1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8 static_cast \u7684\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0doB(1);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece int \u5230 B \u7684\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0if\u00a0(b1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 B::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece B \u5230 bool \u7684\u6309\u8bed\u5883\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool b6(b1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 B::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece B \u5230 bool \u7684\u6309\u8bed\u5883\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool b7 = b1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u88ab explicit \u4fee\u9970\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570 B::operator bool()\u00a0\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u00a0bool b8 = static_cast&lt;bool>(b1);\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ OK\uff1astatic_cast \u8fdb\u884c\u76f4\u63a5\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">friend \u53cb\u5143\u7c7b\u548c\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u80fd\u8bbf\u95ee\u79c1\u6709\u6210\u5458<\/li><li>\u7834\u574f\u5c01\u88c5\u6027<\/li><li>\u53cb\u5143\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u53ef\u4f20\u9012<\/li><li>\u53cb\u5143\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5355\u5411\u6027<\/li><li>\u53cb\u5143\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u53ca\u6570\u91cf\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">using<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">using \u58f0\u660e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e00\u6761&nbsp;<code>using \u58f0\u660e<\/code>&nbsp;\u8bed\u53e5\u4e00\u6b21\u53ea\u5f15\u5165\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u6240\u5f15\u7528\u7684\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u54ea\u4e2a\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>using\u00a0namespace_name::name;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684 using \u58f0\u660e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5728 C++11 \u4e2d\uff0c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u7528\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u57fa\u7c7b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>class\u00a0Derived\u00a0:\u00a0Base\u00a0{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0using\u00a0Base::Base;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/*\u00a0...\u00a0*\/};<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u4e0a using \u58f0\u660e\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u90fd\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5e94\uff08\u5f62\u53c2\u5217\u8868\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff09\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u751f\u6210\u5982\u4e0b\u7c7b\u578b\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>Derived(parms)\u00a0:\u00a0Base(args)\u00a0{\u00a0}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">using \u6307\u793a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><code>using \u6307\u793a<\/code>&nbsp;\u4f7f\u5f97\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u65e0\u9700\u518d\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u6dfb\u52a0\u4efb\u4f55\u524d\u7f00\u9650\u5b9a\u7b26\u4e86\u3002\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>using\u00a0namespace_name\u00a0name;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>using \u6307\u793a<\/code>&nbsp;\u6c61\u67d3\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u4e00\u822c\u8bf4\u6765\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 using \u547d\u4ee4\u6bd4\u4f7f\u7528 using \u7f16\u8bd1\u547d\u4ee4\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u53ea\u5bfc\u5165\u4e86\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u540d\u79f0\u4e0e\u5c40\u90e8\u540d\u79f0\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c06\u53d1\u51fa\u6307\u793a\u3002using\u7f16\u8bd1\u547d\u4ee4\u5bfc\u5165\u6240\u6709\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0e\u5c40\u90e8\u540d\u79f0\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5219\u5c40\u90e8\u540d\u79f0\u5c06\u8986\u76d6\u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d1\u51fa\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u610f\u5473\u7740\u540d\u79f0\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u6563\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u96be\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u77e5\u9053\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>using \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>using \u6307\u793a<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>using\u00a0namespace\u00a0std;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e94\u8be5\u591a\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>using \u58f0\u660e<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int\u00a0x;std::cin\u00a0>>\u00a0x\u00a0;std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0x\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0std::endl;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6216\u8005<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>using\u00a0std::cin;using\u00a0std::cout;using\u00a0std::endl;int\u00a0x;cin\u00a0>>\u00a0x;cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0x\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0endl;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">:: \u8303\u56f4\u89e3\u6790\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5206\u7c7b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u5168\u5c40\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7b26\uff08<code>::name<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u7c7b\u578b\u540d\u79f0\uff08\u7c7b\u3001\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u3001\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u53d8\u91cf\u7b49\uff09\u524d\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u4e3a\u5168\u5c40\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4<\/li><li>\u7c7b\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7b26\uff08<code>class::name<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u7c7b\u7684<\/li><li>\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7b26\uff08<code>namespace::name<\/code>\uff09:\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u6307\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u547d\u540d\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>:: \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int\u00a0count\u00a0=\u00a011;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5168\u5c40\uff08::\uff09\u7684\u00a0countclass\u00a0A\u00a0{public:\u00a0static\u00a0int\u00a0count;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u7c7b\u00a0A\u00a0\u7684\u00a0count\uff08A::count\uff09};int\u00a0A::count\u00a0=\u00a021;void\u00a0fun(){\u00a0int\u00a0count\u00a0=\u00a031;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u00a0count\u00a0\u4e3a\u00a031\u00a0count\u00a0=\u00a032;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u00a0count\u00a0\u7684\u503c\u4e3a\u00a032}int\u00a0main()\u00a0{\u00a0::count = 12;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6d4b\u8bd5 1\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5168\u5c40\u7684 count \u7684\u503c\u4e3a 12\u00a0A::count = 22;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6d4b\u8bd5 2\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7c7b A \u7684 count \u4e3a 22\u00a0fun();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6d4b\u8bd5\u00a03\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">enum \u679a\u4e3e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9650\u5b9a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u679a\u4e3e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>enum\u00a0class\u00a0open_modes\u00a0{\u00a0input,\u00a0output,\u00a0append\u00a0};<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e0d\u9650\u5b9a\u4f5c\u7528\u57df\u7684\u679a\u4e3e\u7c7b\u578b<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>enum\u00a0color\u00a0{\u00a0red,\u00a0yellow,\u00a0green\u00a0};enum\u00a0{\u00a0floatPrec\u00a0=\u00a06,\u00a0doublePrec\u00a0=\u00a010\u00a0};<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">decltype<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>decltype \u5173\u952e\u5b57\u7528\u4e8e\u68c0\u67e5\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u7c7b\u578b\u6216\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53ca\u503c\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u8bed\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>decltype\u00a0(\u00a0expression\u00a0)<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>decltype \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/\u00a0\u5c3e\u7f6e\u8fd4\u56de\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u5217\u8868\u4e4b\u540e\u58f0\u660e\u8fd4\u56de\u7c7b\u578btemplate\u00a0&lt;typename\u00a0It>auto\u00a0fcn(It\u00a0beg,\u00a0It\u00a0end)\u00a0->\u00a0decltype(*beg){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5904\u7406\u5e8f\u5217\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a0*beg;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd4\u56de\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5f15\u7528}\/\/\u00a0\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7528\u00a0typenametemplate\u00a0&lt;typename\u00a0It>auto\u00a0fcn2(It\u00a0beg,\u00a0It\u00a0end)\u00a0->\u00a0typename\u00a0remove_reference&lt;decltype(*beg)>::type{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5904\u7406\u5e8f\u5217\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a0*beg;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd4\u56de\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5f15\u7528<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5de6\u503c\u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e38\u89c4\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5230\u53f3\u503c\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e34\u65f6\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u5c06\u8981\u9500\u6bc1\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u8868\u793a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u53f3\u503c\u5f15\u7528\u53ef\u5b9e\u73b0\u8f6c\u79fb\u8bed\u4e49\uff08Move Sementics\uff09\u548c\u7cbe\u786e\u4f20\u9012\uff08Perfect Forwarding\uff09\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u6d88\u9664\u4e24\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ea4\u4e92\u65f6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u8282\u7701\u8fd0\u7b97\u5b58\u50a8\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/li><li>\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5b9a\u4e49\u6cdb\u578b\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5f15\u7528\u6298\u53e0<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><code>X&amp; &amp;<\/code>\u3001<code>X&amp; &amp;&amp;<\/code>\u3001<code>X&amp;&amp; &amp;<\/code>&nbsp;\u53ef\u6298\u53e0\u6210&nbsp;<code>X&amp;<\/code><\/li><li><code>X&amp;&amp; &amp;&amp;<\/code>&nbsp;\u53ef\u6298\u53e0\u6210&nbsp;<code>X&amp;&amp;<\/code><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b8f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7ec8\u5f52\u4e0d\u662f\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u800c\u5b8f\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e2d\u62ec\u5f27\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u53c2\u6570\u201d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u5b8f\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u5bf9 \u201c\u53c2\u6570\u201d \u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5bf9\u4e00\u7684\u66ff\u6362\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6210\u5458\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u597d\u5904<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\uff1a\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u8c03\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li><li>\u6709\u4e9b\u573a\u5408\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7528\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\uff1a<ol><li>\u5e38\u91cf\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e38\u91cf\u53ea\u80fd\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e0d\u80fd\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u91cc\u9762<\/li><li>\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u65b0\u8d4b\u503c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4e5f\u8981\u5199\u5728\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u91cc\u9762<\/li><li>\u6ca1\u6709\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f7f\u7528\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5217\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8c03\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u6765\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">initializer_list \u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7528\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5668\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a&nbsp;<code>std::initializer_list<\/code>&nbsp;\u53c2\u6570.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>initializer_list \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include\u00a0&lt;iostream>#include\u00a0&lt;vector>#include\u00a0&lt;initializer_list>\u00a0template\u00a0&lt;class\u00a0T>struct\u00a0S\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::vector&lt;T>\u00a0v;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S(std::initializer_list&lt;T>\u00a0l)\u00a0:\u00a0v(l)\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"constructed\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0\"\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0l.size()\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"-element\u00a0list\\n\";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0void\u00a0append(std::initializer_list&lt;T>\u00a0l)\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0v.insert(v.end(),\u00a0l.begin(),\u00a0l.end());\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::pair&lt;const\u00a0T*,\u00a0std::size_t>\u00a0c_arr()\u00a0const\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a0{&amp;v[0],\u00a0v.size()};\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5728\u00a0return\u00a0\u8bed\u53e5\u4e2d\u590d\u5236\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u00a0std::initializer_list\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}};\u00a0template\u00a0&lt;typename\u00a0T>void\u00a0templated_fn(T)\u00a0{}\u00a0int\u00a0main(){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0S&lt;int>\u00a0s\u00a0=\u00a0{1,\u00a02,\u00a03,\u00a04,\u00a05};\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u590d\u5236\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0s.append({6,\u00a07,\u00a08});\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u5217\u8868\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"The\u00a0vector\u00a0size\u00a0is\u00a0now\u00a0\"\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0s.c_arr().second\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"\u00a0ints:\\n\";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0for\u00a0(auto\u00a0n\u00a0:\u00a0s.v)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0n\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0'\u00a0';\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0'\\n';\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"Range-for\u00a0over\u00a0brace-init-list:\u00a0\\n\";\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0for\u00a0(int\u00a0x\u00a0:\u00a0{-1,\u00a0-2,\u00a0-3})\u00a0\/\/\u00a0auto\u00a0\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u4ee4\u6b64\u5e26\u8303\u56f4\u00a0for\u00a0\u5de5\u4f5c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0x\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0'\u00a0';\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0'\\n';\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0auto\u00a0al\u00a0=\u00a0{10,\u00a011,\u00a012};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0auto\u00a0\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u89c4\u5219\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0std::cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"The\u00a0list\u00a0bound\u00a0to\u00a0auto\u00a0has\u00a0size()\u00a0=\u00a0\"\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0al.size()\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0'\\n';\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 templated_fn({1, 2, 3});\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u7f16\u8bd1\u9519\u8bef\uff01\u201c\u00a0{1, 2, 3}\u00a0\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\uff0c\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5b83\u65e0\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u6545\u00a0T\u00a0\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u5bfc\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0templated_fn&lt;std::initializer_list&lt;int>>({1,\u00a02,\u00a03});\u00a0\/\/\u00a0OK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0templated_fn&lt;std::vector&lt;int>>({1,\u00a02,\u00a03});\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u4e5f\u00a0OK}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff08Object-oriented programming\uff0cOOP\uff09\u662f\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u8c61\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7f16\u7a0b\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f00\u53d1\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u65b9\u9488\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/image.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-96792\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e09\u5927\u7279\u5f81 \u2014\u2014 \u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u591a\u6001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5c01\u88c5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u628a\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u7269\u5c01\u88c5\u6210\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ea\u8ba9\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u7c7b\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u8c61\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u4fe1\u606f\u9690\u85cf\u3002\u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff1apublic, protected, private\u3002\u4e0d\u5199\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a private\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><code>public<\/code>&nbsp;\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4efb\u610f\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bbf\u95ee<\/li><li><code>protected<\/code>&nbsp;\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u88ab\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ca\u672c\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee<\/li><li><code>private<\/code>&nbsp;\u6210\u5458\uff1a\u53ea\u5141\u8bb8\u88ab\u672c\u7c7b\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u53cb\u5143\u7c7b\u6216\u53cb\u5143\u51fd\u6570\u8bbf\u95ee<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7ee7\u627f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u57fa\u7c7b\uff08\u7236\u7c7b\uff09\u2014\u2014&gt; \u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\uff08\u5b50\u7c7b\uff09<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u591a\u6001<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u591a\u6001\uff0c\u5373\u591a\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u5f62\u6001\uff09\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u591a\u6001\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6d88\u606f\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/li><li>\u591a\u6001\u662f\u4ee5\u5c01\u88c5\u548c\u7ee7\u627f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u3002<\/li><li>C++ \u591a\u6001\u5206\u7c7b\u53ca\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<ol><li>\u91cd\u8f7d\u591a\u6001\uff08Ad-hoc Polymorphism\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\uff09\uff1a\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d\u3001\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u91cd\u8f7d<\/li><li>\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u591a\u6001\uff08Subtype Polymorphism\uff0c\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff09\uff1a\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u6001\u6027\uff08Parametric Polymorphism\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\uff09\uff1a\u7c7b\u6a21\u677f\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u677f<\/li><li>\u5f3a\u5236\u591a\u6001\uff08Coercion Polymorphism\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\/\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff09\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u3001\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/li><\/ol><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>The Four Polymorphisms in C++<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u9759\u6001\u591a\u6001\uff08\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\/\u65e9\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff09<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u51fd\u6570\u91cd\u8f7d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>class\u00a0A{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0void\u00a0do(int\u00a0a);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0void\u00a0do(int\u00a0a,\u00a0int\u00a0b);};<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u52a8\u6001\u591a\u6001\uff08\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u671f\/\u665a\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff09<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff1a\u7528 virtual \u4fee\u9970\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff1a\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u5f15\u7528\u6216\u6307\u9488\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u8d4b\u503c\u7ed9\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u53cd\u4e4b\u4e0d\u53ef<\/li><li>\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u975e\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u9759\u6001\u51fd\u6570\uff08static\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u65f6\uff0c\u865a\u8868\u6307\u9488\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u624d\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u865a\u8868\u6307\u9488\uff09<\/li><li>\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u8868\u73b0\u591a\u6001\u6027\u65f6\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u89e3\u91ca\u89c1\uff1a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff08virtual\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u5185\u8054\u51fd\u6570\uff08inline\uff09\u5417\uff1f<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u52a8\u6001\u591a\u6001\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>class\u00a0Shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5f62\u72b6\u7c7b{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0double\u00a0calcArea()\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0...\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0~Shape();};class\u00a0Circle\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5706\u5f62\u7c7b{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0double\u00a0calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0...};class\u00a0Rect\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u77e9\u5f62\u7c7b{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0double\u00a0calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0...};int\u00a0main(){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shape\u00a0*\u00a0shape1\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0Circle(4.0);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shape\u00a0*\u00a0shape2\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0Rect(5.0,\u00a06.0);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape1->calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8c03\u7528\u5706\u5f62\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape2->calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8c03\u7528\u77e9\u5f62\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0delete\u00a0shape1;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape1\u00a0=\u00a0nullptr;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0delete\u00a0shape2;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape2\u00a0=\u00a0nullptr;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u5220\u9664\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>class\u00a0Shape{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shape();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0double\u00a0calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0~Shape();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570};class\u00a0Circle\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Shape\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5706\u5f62\u7c7b{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0double\u00a0calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0...};int\u00a0main(){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Shape\u00a0*\u00a0shape1\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0Circle(4.0);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape1->calcArea();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 delete shape1;\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u56e0\u4e3aShape\u6709\u865a\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5delete\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u65f6\uff0c\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u8c03\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\u3002\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0shape1\u00a0=\u00a0NULL;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a00\uff1b}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7ed9\u51fa\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5b83\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7559\u7ed9\u8be5\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u53bb\u505a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>virtual\u00a0int\u00a0A()\u00a0=\u00a00;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7c7b\u91cc\u5982\u679c\u58f0\u660e\u4e86\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u7a7a\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u80fd\u8ba9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5b83\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u8986\u76d6\uff08override\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u540e\u671f\u7ed1\u5b9a\u6765\u8fbe\u5230\u591a\u6001\u4e86\u3002\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u662f\u4e2a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u7559\u5230\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cc\u53bb\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/li><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u91cd\u5199\uff1b\u4f46\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f8b\u5316\u5b50\u7c7b\u3002<\/li><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u7528\u4e8e \u201c\u5b9e\u4f5c\u7ee7\u627f\u201d\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7531\u5b50\u7c7b\u5b8c\u6210\u3002<\/li><li>\u5e26\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b\u53eb\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7c7b\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u5199\u5176\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u540e\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u666e\u901a\u7c7b\u3002<\/li><li>\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u662f\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e2d\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u89c1\u4e0b\u6587\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>CSDN . C++ \u4e2d\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u533a\u522b\u548c\u8054\u7cfb<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff1a\u5728\u542b\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/li><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\uff1a\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ea\u8bfb\u6570\u636e\u6bb5\uff08<code>.rodata section<\/code>\uff0c\u89c1\uff1a\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u50a8\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\uff0c\u5b58\u653e\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u865a\u8868\u4e2d\u8986\u76d6\u539f\u672c\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u65f6\u6839\u636e\u7c7b\u7684\u58f0\u660e\u521b\u5efa\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>C++\u4e2d\u7684\u865a\u51fd\u6570(\u8868)\u5b9e\u73b0\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u53ca\u7528C\u8bed\u8a00\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6a21\u62df\u5b9e\u73b0<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u7ee7\u627f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u7528\u4e8e\u89e3\u51b3\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u83f1\u5f62\u7ee7\u627f\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u6d6a\u8d39\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u901a\u8fc7\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u548c\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5360\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u9488\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c4\u5b57\u8282\uff09\u548c\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u8868\uff08\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\uff08\u9700\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u4f9d\u65e7\u4f1a\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6700\u591a\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4efd\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u5728\u5b50\u7c7b\u91cc\u9762\u4e86\uff09\uff1b\u5f53\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u7236\u7c7b\u7ee7\u627f\u65f6\uff0c\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u6307\u9488\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0cvbptr \u6307\u7684\u662f\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u8868\u6307\u9488\uff08virtual base table pointer\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u8868\uff08virtual table\uff09\uff0c\u865a\u8868\u4e2d\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u4e0e\u672c\u7c7b\u7684\u504f\u79fb\u5730\u5740\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u504f\u79fb\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u50cf\u666e\u901a\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u90a3\u6837\u7ef4\u6301\u7740\u516c\u5171\u57fa\u7c7b\uff08\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u4efd\u540c\u6837\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u8282\u7701\u4e86\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u865a\u7ee7\u627f\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a\u90fd\u5229\u7528\u4e86\u865a\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5747\u5360\u7528\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09\u548c\u865a\u8868\uff08\u5747\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u7c7b\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\uff1a<ul><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u5360\u7528\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4<\/li><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u8868\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u5730\u5740<\/li><li>\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u4f9d\u65e7\u5b58\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u7c7b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u5360\u7528\u5b58\u50a8\u7a7a\u95f4<\/li><li>\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u8868\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u662f\u865a\u57fa\u7c7b\u76f8\u5bf9\u76f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u627f\u7c7b\u7684\u504f\u79fb<\/li><li>\u865a\u7ee7\u627f<\/li><li>\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u3001\u6210\u5458\u6a21\u677f\u3001\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u6a21\u677f\u7c7b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7c7b\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u666e\u901a\u7c7b\u8fd8\u662f\u7c7b\u6a21\u677f\uff09\u7684\u6210\u5458\u6a21\u677f\uff08\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u6a21\u677f\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\u3001\u63a5\u53e3\u7c7b\u3001\u805a\u5408\u7c7b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b\uff1a\u542b\u6709\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u7c7b<\/li><li>\u63a5\u53e3\u7c7b\uff1a\u4ec5\u542b\u6709\u7eaf\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7c7b<\/li><li>\u805a\u5408\u7c7b\uff1a\u7528\u6237\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u8bbf\u95ee\u5176\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8bed\u6cd5\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u6ee1\u8db3\u5982\u4e0b\u7279\u70b9\uff1a<ul><li>\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u662f public<\/li><li>\u6ca1\u6709\u5b9a\u4e49\u4efb\u4f55\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u5185\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/li><li>\u6ca1\u6709\u57fa\u7c7b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709 virtual \u51fd\u6570<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u548c\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">malloc\u3001calloc\u3001realloc\u3001alloca<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>malloc\uff1a\u7533\u8bf7\u6307\u5b9a\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/li><li>calloc\uff1a\u4e3a\u6307\u5b9a\u957f\u5ea6\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u80fd\u5bb9\u7eb3\u5176\u6307\u5b9a\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4f4d\uff08bit\uff09\u90fd\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u4e3a 0\u3002<\/li><li>realloc\uff1a\u66f4\u6539\u4ee5\u524d\u5206\u914d\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u957f\u5ea6\uff08\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u589e\u52a0\u957f\u5ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u5c06\u4ee5\u524d\u5206\u914d\u533a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u79fb\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u589e\u533a\u57df\u5185\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u5219\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/li><li>alloca\uff1a\u5728\u6808\u4e0a\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u51fa\u6808\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0calloca \u4e0d\u5177\u53ef\u79fb\u690d\u6027, \u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4f20\u7edf\u5806\u6808\u7684\u673a\u5668\u4e0a\u5f88\u96be\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002alloca \u4e0d\u5b9c\u4f7f\u7528\u5728\u5fc5\u987b\u5e7f\u6cdb\u79fb\u690d\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u3002C99 \u4e2d\u652f\u6301\u53d8\u957f\u6570\u7ec4 (VLA)\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3 alloca\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">malloc\u3001free<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7528\u4e8e\u5206\u914d\u3001\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>malloc\u3001free \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u662f\u5426\u7533\u8bf7\u6210\u529f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>char\u00a0*str\u00a0=\u00a0(char*)\u00a0malloc(100);assert(str\u00a0!=\u00a0nullptr);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>\u91ca\u653e\u5185\u5b58\u540e\u6307\u9488\u7f6e\u7a7a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>free(p);\u00a0p\u00a0=\u00a0nullptr;<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">new\u3001delete<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>new \/ new[]\uff1a\u5b8c\u6210\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5148\u5e95\u5c42\u8c03\u7528 malloc \u5206\u914d\u4e86\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09\u3002<\/li><li>delete\/delete[]\uff1a\u4e5f\u5b8c\u6210\u4e24\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u5148\u8c03\u7528\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u6e05\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5e95\u5c42\u8c03\u7528 free \u91ca\u653e\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li><li>new \u5728\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\u65f6\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u8ba1\u7b97\u6240\u9700\u5b57\u8282\u6570\uff0c\u800c malloc \u5219\u9700\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u8f93\u5165\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u5b57\u8282\u6570\u3002<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>new\u3001delete \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7533\u8bf7\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u662f\u5426\u7533\u8bf7\u6210\u529f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int\u00a0main(){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T*\u00a0t\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0T();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5148\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u00a0\uff0c\u518d\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0delete\u00a0t;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5148\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u5185\u5b58\u91ca\u653e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5b9a\u4f4d new<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5b9a\u4f4d new\uff08placement new\uff09\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u5411 new \u4f20\u9012\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5730\u5740\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u9884\u5148\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u533a\u57df\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>new\u00a0(place_address)\u00a0typenew\u00a0(place_address)\u00a0type\u00a0(initializers)new\u00a0(place_address)\u00a0type\u00a0[size]new\u00a0(place_address)\u00a0type\u00a0[size]\u00a0{\u00a0braced\u00a0initializer\u00a0list\u00a0}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><code>place_address<\/code>&nbsp;\u662f\u4e2a\u6307\u9488<\/li><li><code>initializers<\/code>&nbsp;\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\uff08\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a\u7684\uff09\u4ee5\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u503c\u5217\u8868<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">delete this \u5408\u6cd5\u5417\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Is it legal (and moral) for a member function to say delete this?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5408\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1 this \u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u901a\u8fc7&nbsp;<code>new<\/code>\uff08\u4e0d\u662f&nbsp;<code>new[]<\/code>\u3001\u4e0d\u662f placement new\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u6808\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u3001\u4e0d\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u5458\uff09\u5206\u914d\u7684<\/li><li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u8c03\u7528&nbsp;<code>delete this<\/code>&nbsp;\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c03\u7528 this \u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684&nbsp;<code>delete this<\/code>\u540e\u9762\u6ca1\u6709\u8c03\u7528 this \u4e86<\/li><li>\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u8bc1&nbsp;<code>delete this<\/code>&nbsp;\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5806\u4e0a\uff08\u6808\u4e0a\uff09\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\uff1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5806\u4e0a\uff08\u6808\u4e0a\uff09\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5806\u4e0a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u56e0\uff1aC++ \u662f\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7ba1\u7406\u6808\u4e0a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u5468\u671f\uff0c\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u4e3a\u7c7b\u5bf9\u8c61\u5206\u914d\u6808\u7a7a\u95f4\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u7c7b\u7684\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u6027\u3002\u82e5\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6808\u4e0a\u521b\u5efa\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6808\u4e0a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a\u5c06 new \u548c delete \u91cd\u8f7d\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u5728\u5806\u4e0a\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 new \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5176\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 new \u5728\u5806\u4e0a\u5bfb\u627e\u53ef\u7528\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u5206\u914d\u7ed9\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5c06 new \u64cd\u4f5c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u79c1\u6709\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5806\u4e0a\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++ \u6807\u51c6\u5e93\uff08STL\uff09\u4e2d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<code>#include &lt;memory&gt;<\/code><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++ 98<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>std::auto_ptr&lt;std::string> ps (new std::string(str))\uff1b<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C++ 11<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>shared_ptr<\/li><li>unique_ptr<\/li><li>weak_ptr<\/li><li>auto_ptr\uff08\u88ab C++11 \u5f03\u7528\uff09<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Class shared_ptr \u5b9e\u73b0\u5171\u4eab\u5f0f\u62e5\u6709\uff08shared ownership\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u591a\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u6307\u5411\u76f8\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u8d44\u6e90\u4f1a\u5728 \u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a reference \u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\u201d \u65f6\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u7ed3\u6784\u8f83\u590d\u6742\u7684\u60c5\u666f\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b weak_ptr\u3001bad_weak_ptr \u548c enable_shared_from_this \u7b49\u8f85\u52a9\u7c7b\u3002<\/li><li>Class unique_ptr \u5b9e\u73b0\u72ec\u5360\u5f0f\u62e5\u6709\uff08exclusive ownership\uff09\u6216\u4e25\u683c\u62e5\u6709\uff08strict ownership\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u79fb\u4ea4\u62e5\u6709\u6743\u3002\u5b83\u5bf9\u4e8e\u907f\u514d\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff08resource leak\uff09\u2014\u2014\u5982 new \u540e\u5fd8\u8bb0 delete \u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">shared_ptr<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u591a\u4e2a\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6700\u672b\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u7740\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u9500\u6bc1\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5e76\u6e05\u7406\u4e0e\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u652f\u6301\u5b9a\u5236\u578b\u5220\u9664\u5668\uff08custom deleter\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u9632\u8303 Cross-DLL \u95ee\u9898\uff08\u5bf9\u8c61\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u94fe\u63a5\u5e93\uff08DLL\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab new \u521b\u5efa\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a DLL \u5185\u88ab delete \u9500\u6bc1\uff09\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u89e3\u9664\u4e92\u65a5\u9501<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">weak_ptr<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>weak_ptr \u5141\u8bb8\u4f60\u5171\u4eab\u4f46\u4e0d\u62e5\u6709\u67d0\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6700\u672b\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55 weak_ptr \u90fd\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6210\u7a7a\uff08empty\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728 default \u548c copy \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cweak_ptr \u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b \u201c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a shared_ptr\u201d \u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u53ef\u6253\u7834\u73af\u72b6\u5f15\u7528\uff08cycles of references\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5176\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u6307\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e4b\u770b\u4f3c\u8fd8\u5728 \u201c\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u201d \u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">unique_ptr<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>unique_ptr \u662f C++11 \u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5728\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u907f\u514d\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u6f0f\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\u3002\u91c7\u7528\u72ec\u5360\u5f0f\u62e5\u6709\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5176\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u53ea\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a pointer \u62e5\u6709\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u62e5\u6709\u7740\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\u6216\u7f16\u7a0b empty\uff0c\u6216\u5f00\u59cb\u62e5\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5148\u524d\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c31\u4f1a\u88ab\u9500\u6bc1\uff0c\u5176\u4efb\u4f55\u76f8\u5e94\u8d44\u6e90\u4ea6\u4f1a\u88ab\u91ca\u653e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>unique_ptr \u7528\u4e8e\u53d6\u4ee3 auto_ptr<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">auto_ptr<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p>\u88ab c++11 \u5f03\u7528\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8bed\u8a00\u7279\u6027\u5982 \u201c\u9488\u5bf9\u6784\u9020\u548c\u8d4b\u503c\u201d \u7684&nbsp;<code>std::move<\/code>&nbsp;\u8bed\u4e49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u7455\u75b5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">auto_ptr \u4e0e unique_ptr \u6bd4\u8f83<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>auto_ptr \u53ef\u4ee5\u8d4b\u503c\u62f7\u8d1d\uff0c\u590d\u5236\u62f7\u8d1d\u540e\u6240\u6709\u6743\u8f6c\u79fb\uff1bunqiue_ptr \u65e0\u62f7\u8d1d\u8d4b\u503c\u8bed\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86<code>move<\/code>&nbsp;\u8bed\u4e49\uff1b<\/li><li>auto_ptr \u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u80fd\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u7ec4\uff08\u6790\u6784\u8c03\u7528&nbsp;<code>delete<\/code>\uff09\uff0cunique_ptr \u53ef\u4ee5\u7ba1\u7406\u6570\u7ec4\uff08\u6790\u6784\u8c03\u7528&nbsp;<code>delete[]<\/code>&nbsp;\uff09\uff1b<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u5f3a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>MSDN . \u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">static_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u591a\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\uff08\u8f6c\u6362\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u4e0d\u5982 dynamic_cast\uff09<\/li><li>\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8f6c\u6362\u6570\u503c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u5982 float -&gt; int\uff09<\/li><li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5b50\u7c7b\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7236\u7c7b\u5b89\u5168\uff08\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u6362\uff09\uff0c\u7236\u7c7b\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b50\u7c7b\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u5728\u7236\u7c7b\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u6362\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">dynamic_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362<\/li><li>\u6267\u884c\u884c\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5<\/li><li>\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6307\u9488\u6216\u5f15\u7528<\/li><li>\u5bf9\u4e0d\u660e\u786e\u7684\u6307\u9488\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\u5c06\u5931\u8d25\uff08\u8fd4\u56de nullptr\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38<\/li><li>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7c7b\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u79fb\u52a8\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5411\u4e0a\u8f6c\u6362\u3001\u5411\u4e0b\u8f6c\u6362<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">const_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7528\u4e8e\u5220\u9664 const\u3001volatile \u548c __unaligned \u7279\u6027\uff08\u5982\u5c06 const int \u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a int \u7c7b\u578b \uff09<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">reinterpret_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7528\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca<\/li><li>\u6ee5\u7528 reinterpret_cast \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5e26\u6765\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u9664\u975e\u6240\u9700\u8f6c\u6362\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5e94\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/li><li>\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u9488\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u5982&nbsp;<code>char*<\/code>&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;<code>int*<\/code>&nbsp;\u6216&nbsp;<code>One_class*<\/code>&nbsp;\u5230&nbsp;<code>Unrelated_class*<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e5f\u5141\u8bb8\u5c06\u4efb\u4f55\u6574\u6570\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u4efb\u4f55\u6307\u9488\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u5411\u8f6c\u6362\u3002<\/li><li>reinterpret_cast \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e22\u6389 const\u3001volatile \u6216 __unaligned \u7279\u6027\u3002<\/li><li>reinterpret_cast \u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7528\u9014\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u5e0c\u51fd\u6570\u4e2d\uff0c\u5373\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u503c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u4ee5\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u7ed3\u5c3e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u503c\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u7d22\u5f15\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">bad_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7531\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5236\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5f15\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u5931\u8d25\uff0cdynamic_cast \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5f15\u53d1 bad_cast \u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>bad_cast \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>try\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Circle&amp;\u00a0ref_circle\u00a0=\u00a0dynamic_cast&lt;Circle&amp;>(ref_shape);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0catch\u00a0(bad_cast\u00a0b)\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0\"Caught:\u00a0\"\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0b.what();\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f (RTTI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">dynamic_cast<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8f6c\u6362<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">typeid<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>typeid \u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7c7b\u578b<\/li><li>type_id \u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a type_info \u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528<\/li><li>\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u57fa\u7c7b\u7684\u6307\u9488\u83b7\u5f97\u6d3e\u751f\u7c7b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u57fa\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u5e26\u6709\u865a\u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u53ea\u80fd\u83b7\u53d6\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u7c7b\u578b<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">type_info<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>type_info \u7c7b\u63cf\u8ff0\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u5728\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u6b64\u7c7b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u5b58\u50a8\u6307\u5411\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u7684\u6307\u9488\u3002type_info \u7c7b\u8fd8\u53ef\u5b58\u50a8\u9002\u5408\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e24\u4e2a\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u5426\u76f8\u7b49\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u5176\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u503c\u3002\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7f16\u7801\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u6392\u5217\u987a\u5e8f\u662f\u672a\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u800c\u5f02\u3002<\/li><li>\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\uff1a<code>typeinfo<\/code><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>typeid\u3001type_info \u4f7f\u7528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include\u00a0&lt;iostream>using\u00a0namespace\u00a0std;class\u00a0Flyable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u80fd\u98de\u7684{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0takeoff()\u00a0=\u00a00;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8d77\u98de\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0land()\u00a0=\u00a00;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u964d\u843d};class\u00a0Bird\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Flyable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u9e1f{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0void\u00a0foraging()\u00a0{...}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u89c5\u98df\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0takeoff()\u00a0{...}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0land()\u00a0{...}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0~Bird(){}};class\u00a0Plane\u00a0:\u00a0public\u00a0Flyable\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u98de\u673a{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0void\u00a0carry()\u00a0{...}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8fd0\u8f93\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0takeoff()\u00a0{...}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0void\u00a0land()\u00a0{...}};class\u00a0type_info{public:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0const\u00a0char*\u00a0name()\u00a0const;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bool\u00a0operator\u00a0==\u00a0(const\u00a0type_info\u00a0&amp;\u00a0rhs)\u00a0const;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bool\u00a0operator\u00a0!=\u00a0(const\u00a0type_info\u00a0&amp;\u00a0rhs)\u00a0const;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0int\u00a0before(const\u00a0type_info\u00a0&amp;\u00a0rhs)\u00a0const;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0virtual\u00a0~type_info();private:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0...};void\u00a0doSomething(Flyable\u00a0*obj)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u505a\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0obj->takeoff();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0cout\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0typeid(*obj).name()\u00a0&lt;&lt;\u00a0endl;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u8f93\u51fa\u4f20\u5165\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\"class\u00a0Bird\"\u00a0or\u00a0\"class\u00a0Plane\"\uff09\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0if(typeid(*obj)\u00a0==\u00a0typeid(Bird))\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5224\u65ad\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0{\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Bird\u00a0*bird\u00a0=\u00a0dynamic_cast&lt;Bird\u00a0*>(obj);\u00a0\/\/\u00a0\u5bf9\u8c61\u8f6c\u5316\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0bird->foraging();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0}\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0obj->land();}int\u00a0main(){\u00a0Bird\u00a0*b\u00a0=\u00a0new\u00a0Bird();\u00a0doSomething(b);\u00a0delete\u00a0b;\u00a0b\u00a0=\u00a0nullptr;\u00a0return\u00a00;}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2b50\ufe0f Effective<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Effective C++<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u89c6 C++ \u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bed\u8a00\u8054\u90a6\uff08C\u3001Object-Oriented C++\u3001Template C++\u3001STL\uff09<\/li><li>\u5b81\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u66ff\u6362\u9884\u5904\u7406\u5668\uff08\u5c3d\u91cf\u4ee5&nbsp;<code>const<\/code>\u3001<code>enum<\/code>\u3001<code>inline<\/code>&nbsp;\u66ff\u6362&nbsp;<code>#define<\/code>\uff09<\/li><li>\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 const<\/li><li>\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u88ab\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u5df2\u5148\u88ab\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff08\u6784\u9020\u65f6\u8d4b\u503c\uff08copy \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff09\u6bd4 default \u6784\u9020\u540e\u8d4b\u503c\uff08copy assignment\uff09\u6548\u7387\u9ad8\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3 C++ \u9ed8\u9ed8\u7f16\u5199\u5e76\u8c03\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u6697\u81ea\u4e3a class \u521b\u5efa default \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3001copy \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u3001copy assignment \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u3001\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u82e5\u4e0d\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u660e\u786e\u62d2\u7edd\uff08\u5c06\u4e0d\u60f3\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a private\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u4e88\u5b9e\u73b0\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e3a\u591a\u6001\u57fa\u7c7b\u58f0\u660e virtual \u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5982\u679c class \u5e26\u6709\u4efb\u4f55 virtual \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a virtual \u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u522b\u8ba9\u5f02\u5e38\u9003\u79bb\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u541e\u4e0b\u4e0d\u4f20\u64ad\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ed3\u675f\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5410\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u975e\u6790\u6784\u7684\u666e\u901a\u51fd\u6570\u5904\u7406\uff09<\/li><li>\u7edd\u4e0d\u5728\u6784\u9020\u548c\u6790\u6784\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u8c03\u7528 virtual \u51fd\u6570\uff08\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8c03\u7528\u4ece\u4e0d\u4e0b\u964d\u81f3 derived class\uff09<\/li><li>\u4ee4&nbsp;<code>operator=<\/code>&nbsp;\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a&nbsp;<code>reference to *this<\/code>&nbsp;\uff08\u7528\u4e8e\u8fde\u9501\u8d4b\u503c\uff09<\/li><li>\u5728&nbsp;<code>operator=<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e2d\u5904\u7406 \u201c\u81ea\u6211\u8d4b\u503c\u201d<\/li><li>\u8d4b\u503c\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u5e94\u786e\u4fdd\u590d\u5236 \u201c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u201d \u53ca \u201c\u6240\u6709 base class \u6210\u5206\u201d\uff08\u8c03\u7528\u57fa\u7c7b\u590d\u5236\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u4ee5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ba1\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\uff08\u8d44\u6e90\u5728\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u83b7\u5f97\uff0c\u5728\u6790\u6784\u51fd\u6570\u91ca\u653e\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u8d44\u6e90\u53d6\u5f97\u65f6\u673a\u4fbf\u662f\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u65f6\u673a\uff08Resource Acquisition Is Initialization\uff0cRAII\uff09\uff09<\/li><li>\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5c0f\u5fc3 copying \u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u666e\u904d\u7684 RAII class copying \u884c\u4e3a\u662f\uff1a\u6291\u5236 copying\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u62f7\u8d1d\u3001\u8f6c\u79fb\u5e95\u90e8\u8d44\u6e90\u62e5\u6709\u6743\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c auto_ptr\uff09\uff09<\/li><li>\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7c7b\u4e2d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5bf9\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6e90\uff08raw resources\uff09\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\uff08\u5bf9\u539f\u59cb\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u663e\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u6216\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\u663e\u793a\u8f6c\u6362\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u9690\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u5bf9\u5ba2\u6237\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b9\u4fbf\uff09<\/li><li>\u6210\u5bf9\u4f7f\u7528 new \u548c delete \u65f6\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08<code>new<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>[]<\/code>&nbsp;\u5219&nbsp;<code>delete []<\/code>\uff0c<code>new<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528&nbsp;<code>[]<\/code>&nbsp;\u5219&nbsp;<code>delete<\/code>\uff09<\/li><li>\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u8bed\u53e5\u5c06 newed \u5bf9\u8c61\u5b58\u50a8\u4e8e\uff08\u7f6e\u5165\uff09\u667a\u80fd\u6307\u9488\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u96be\u4ee5\u5bdf\u89c9\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff09<\/li><li>\u8ba9\u63a5\u53e3\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u6b63\u786e\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u88ab\u8bef\u7528\uff08\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6b63\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u517c\u5bb9\uff1b\u963b\u6b62\u8bef\u7528\u7684\u529e\u6cd5\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u9650\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0a\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u7ea6\u675f\u5bf9\u8c61\u503c\u3001\u6d88\u9664\u5ba2\u6237\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\uff09<\/li><li>\u8bbe\u8ba1 class \u72b9\u5982\u8bbe\u8ba1 type\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u8c61\u521b\u5efa\u3001\u9500\u6bc1\u3001\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u3001\u8d4b\u503c\u3001\u503c\u4f20\u9012\u3001\u5408\u6cd5\u503c\u3001\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8f6c\u6362\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/li><li>\u5b81\u4ee5 pass-by-reference-to-const \u66ff\u6362 pass-by-value \uff08\u524d\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u3001\u907f\u514d\u5207\u5272\u95ee\u9898\uff08slicing problem\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5185\u7f6e\u7c7b\u578b\u3001STL\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\u3001\u51fd\u6570\u5bf9\u8c61\uff09<\/li><li>\u5fc5\u987b\u8fd4\u56de\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u522b\u5984\u60f3\u8fd4\u56de\u5176 reference\uff08\u7edd\u4e0d\u8fd4\u56de pointer \u6216 reference \u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a local stack \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8fd4\u56de reference \u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a heap-allocated \u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u6216\u8fd4\u56de pointer \u6216 reference \u6307\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a local static \u5bf9\u8c61\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u591a\u4e2a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\uff09<\/li><li>\u5c06\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u58f0\u660e\u4e3a private\uff08\u4e3a\u4e86\u5c01\u88c5\u3001\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3001\u5bf9\u5176\u8bfb\u5199\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u7b49\uff09<\/li><li>\u5b81\u4ee5 non-member\u3001non-friend \u66ff\u6362 member \u51fd\u6570\uff08\u53ef\u589e\u52a0\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\u3001\u5305\u88f9\u5f39\u6027\uff08packaging flexibility\uff09\u3001\u673a\u80fd\u6269\u5145\u6027\uff09<\/li><li>\u82e5\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6570\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u88abthis\u6307\u9488\u6240\u6307\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u9690\u55bb\u53c2\u6570\uff09\u7686\u987b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u8bf7\u4e3a\u6b64\u91c7\u7528 non-member \u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u8003\u8651\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u629b\u5f02\u5e38\u7684 swap \u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5ef6\u540e\u53d8\u91cf\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\uff08\u53ef\u589e\u52a0\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6e05\u6670\u5ea6\u5e76\u6539\u5584\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6548\u7387\uff09<\/li><li>\u5c3d\u91cf\u5c11\u505a\u8f6c\u578b\u52a8\u4f5c\uff08\u65e7\u5f0f\uff1a<code>(T)expression<\/code>\u3001<code>T(expression)<\/code>\uff1b\u65b0\u5f0f\uff1a<code>const_cast&lt;T&gt;(expression)<\/code>\u3001<code>dynamic_cast&lt;T&gt;(expression)<\/code>\u3001<code>reinterpret_cast&lt;T&gt;(expression)<\/code>\u3001<code>static_cast&lt;T&gt;(expression)<\/code>\u3001\uff1b\u5c3d\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u8f6c\u578b\u3001\u6ce8\u91cd\u6548\u7387\u907f\u514d dynamic_casts\u3001\u5c3d\u91cf\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u65e0\u9700\u8f6c\u578b\u3001\u53ef\u628a\u8f6c\u578b\u5c01\u88c5\u6210\u51fd\u6570\u3001\u5b81\u53ef\u7528\u65b0\u5f0f\u8f6c\u578b\uff09<\/li><li>\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528 handles\uff08\u5305\u62ec \u5f15\u7528\u3001\u6307\u9488\u3001\u8fed\u4ee3\u5668\uff09\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u5185\u90e8\uff08\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u5c01\u88c5\u6027\u3001\u4f7f const \u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u66f4\u50cf const\u3001\u964d\u4f4e \u201c\u865a\u540a\u53f7\u7801\u724c\u201d\uff08dangling handles\uff0c\u5982\u60ac\u7a7a\u6307\u9488\u7b49\uff09\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e3a \u201c\u5f02\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\u201d \u800c\u52aa\u529b\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u7684\uff08\u5f02\u5e38\u5b89\u5168\u51fd\u6570\uff08Exception-safe functions\uff09\u5373\u4f7f\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6cc4\u9732\u8d44\u6e90\u6216\u5141\u8bb8\u4efb\u4f55\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u8d25\u574f\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u578b\u3001\u5f3a\u5217\u578b\u3001\u4e0d\u629b\u5f02\u5e38\u578b\uff09<\/li><li>\u900f\u5f7b\u4e86\u89e3 inlining \u7684\u91cc\u91cc\u5916\u5916\uff08inlining \u5728\u5927\u591a\u6570 C++ 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objects\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\uff0c\u5c3d\u91cf\u4ee5 class \u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u66ff\u6362 class \u5b9a\u4e49\u5f0f\uff1b\u4e3a\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u548c\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5934\u6587\u4ef6\uff09<\/li><li>\u786e\u5b9a\u4f60\u7684 public \u7ee7\u627f\u5851\u6a21\u51fa is-a\uff08\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u9002\u7528\u4e8e base classes \u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e00\u5b9a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e derived classes \u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a derived class \u5bf9\u8c61\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a base class \u5bf9\u8c61\uff09<\/li><li>\u907f\u514d\u906e\u63a9\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u6765\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff08\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528 using \u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u6216\u8f6c\u4ea4\u51fd\u6570\uff08forwarding functions\uff09\u6765\u8ba9\u88ab\u906e\u63a9\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u518d\u89c1\u5929\u65e5\uff09<\/li><li>\u533a\u5206\u63a5\u53e3\u7ee7\u627f\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ee7\u627f\uff08\u5728 public \u7ee7\u627f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cderived classes \u603b\u662f\u7ee7\u627f base class \u7684\u63a5\u53e3\uff1bpure virtual \u51fd\u6570\u53ea\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u7ee7\u627f\uff1b\u975e\u7eaf impure virtual \u51fd\u6570\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u7ee7\u627f\u53ca\u7f3a\u7701\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ee7\u627f\uff1bnon-virtual \u51fd\u6570\u5177\u4f53\u6307\u5b9a\u63a5\u53e3\u7ee7\u627f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u5b9e\u73b0\u7ee7\u627f\uff09<\/li><li>\u8003\u8651 virtual \u51fd\u6570\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u62e9\uff08\u5982 Template Method \u8bbe\u8ba1\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684 non-virtual interface\uff08NVI\uff09\u624b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06 virtual \u51fd\u6570\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a \u201c\u51fd\u6570\u6307\u9488\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5&nbsp;<code>tr1::function<\/code>&nbsp;\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u66ff\u6362 virtual \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u5c06\u7ee7\u627f\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u7684 virtual \u51fd\u6570\u66ff\u6362\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ee7\u627f\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u7684 virtual \u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u7edd\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u6765\u7684 non-virtual \u51fd\u6570<\/li><li>\u7edd\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u6765\u7684\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u503c\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f3a\u7701\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff08statically bound\uff09\uff0c\u800c virtual \u51fd\u6570\u5374\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7ed1\u5b9a\uff08dynamically bound\uff09<\/li><li>\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u5408\u5851\u6a21 has-a\uff08\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff09\u6216 \u201c\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u7269\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fa\u201d\uff08\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u57df\uff08application domain\uff09\uff0c\u590d\u5408\u610f\u5473 has-a\uff08\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\uff09\uff1b\u5728\u5b9e\u73b0\u57df\uff08implementation domain\uff09\uff0c\u590d\u5408\u610f\u5473\u7740 is-implemented-in-terms-of\uff08\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u7269\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fa\uff09\uff09<\/li><li>\u660e\u667a\u800c\u5ba1\u614e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528 private \u7ee7\u627f\uff08private \u7ee7\u627f\u610f\u5473\u7740 is-implemented-in-terms-of\uff08\u6839\u636e\u67d0\u7269\u5b9e\u73b0\u51fa\uff09\uff0c\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u590d\u5408\uff0c\u5f53 derived class \u9700\u8981\u8bbf\u95ee protected base class \u7684\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u6216\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u7ee7\u627f\u800c\u6765\u7684\u65f6\u5019 virtual \u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u6216\u9700\u8981 empty base \u6700\u4f18\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u7528 private \u7ee7\u627f\uff09<\/li><li>\u660e\u667a\u800c\u5ba1\u614e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u91cd\u7ee7\u627f\uff08\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u6bd4\u5355\u4e00\u7ee7\u627f\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u65b0\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9 virtual \u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u786e\u6709\u6b63\u5f53\u7528\u9014\uff0c\u5982 \u201cpublic \u7ee7\u627f\u67d0\u4e2a interface class\u201d \u548c \u201cprivate \u7ee7\u627f\u67d0\u4e2a\u534f\u52a9\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684 class\u201d\uff1bvirtual \u7ee7\u627f\u53ef\u89e3\u51b3\u591a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u83f1\u5f62\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u4e8c\u4e49\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5927\u5c0f\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u53ca\u8d4b\u503c\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u7b49\u7b49\u6210\u672c\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3\u9690\u5f0f\u63a5\u53e3\u548c\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u591a\u6001\uff08class \u548c templates \u90fd\u652f\u6301\u63a5\u53e3\uff08interfaces\uff09\u548c\u591a\u6001\uff08polymorphism\uff09\uff1bclass \u7684\u63a5\u53e3\u662f\u4ee5\u7b7e\u540d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u663e\u5f0f\u7684\uff08explicit\uff09\uff0c\u591a\u6001\u5219\u662f\u901a\u8fc7 virtual \u51fd\u6570\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\uff1btemplate 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\u5185\u901a\u8fc7&nbsp;<code>this-&gt;<\/code>&nbsp;\u6307\u6d89 base class templates \u5185\u7684\u6210\u5458\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u6216\u85c9\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u767d\u5199\u51fa\u7684 \u201cbase class \u8d44\u683c\u4fee\u9970\u7b26\u201d \u5b8c\u6210\uff09<\/li><li>\u5c06\u4e0e\u53c2\u6570\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u62bd\u79bb templates\uff08\u56e0\u7c7b\u578b\u6a21\u677f\u53c2\u6570\uff08non-type template parameters\uff09\u800c\u9020\u6210\u4ee3\u7801\u81a8\u80c0\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u6216 class \u6210\u5458\u53d8\u91cf\u66ff\u6362 template \u53c2\u6570\u6765\u6d88\u9664\uff1b\u56e0\u7c7b\u578b\u53c2\u6570\uff08type parameters\uff09\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u81a8\u80c0\u5f80\u5f80\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba9\u5e26\u6709\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u8868\u8ff0\uff08binary representations\uff09\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\uff08instantiation types\uff09\u5171\u4eab\u5b9e\u73b0\u7801\uff09<\/li><li>\u8fd0\u7528\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u677f\u63a5\u53d7\u6240\u6709\u517c\u5bb9\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\u6a21\u677f\uff08member function templates\uff09\u751f\u6210 \u201c\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6240\u6709\u517c\u5bb9\u7c7b\u578b\u201d \u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1b\u58f0\u660e member templates \u7528\u4e8e \u201c\u6cdb\u5316 copy \u6784\u9020\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u6cdb\u5316 assignment \u64cd\u4f5c\u201d \u65f6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u58f0\u660e\u6b63\u5e38\u7684 copy \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u548c copy assignment \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff09<\/li><li>\u9700\u8981\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u65f6\u8bf7\u4e3a\u6a21\u677f\u5b9a\u4e49\u975e\u6210\u5458\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u7f16\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a class template\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e4b \u201c\u4e0e\u6b64 template \u76f8\u5173\u7684\u201d \u51fd\u6570\u652f\u6301 \u201c\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6570\u4e4b\u9690\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u201d \u65f6\uff0c\u8bf7\u5c06\u90a3\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a \u201cclass template \u5185\u90e8\u7684 friend \u51fd\u6570\u201d\uff09<\/li><li>\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528 traits classes \u8868\u73b0\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\uff08traits classes \u901a\u8fc7 templates \u548c \u201ctemplates \u7279\u5316\u201d \u4f7f\u5f97 \u201c\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u4fe1\u606f\u201d \u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u8f7d\u6280\u672f\uff08overloading\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u5728\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\u5bf9\u7c7b\u578b\u6267\u884c if&#8230;else \u6d4b\u8bd5\uff09<\/li><li>\u8ba4\u8bc6 template \u5143\u7f16\u7a0b\uff08\u6a21\u677f\u5143\u7f16\u7a0b\uff08TMP\uff0ctemplate metaprogramming\uff09\u53ef\u5c06\u5de5\u4f5c\u7531\u8fd0\u884c\u671f\u79fb\u5f80\u7f16\u8bd1\u671f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u65e9\u671f\u9519\u8bef\u4fa6\u6d4b\u548c\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6548\u7387\uff1bTMP \u53ef\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u751f\u6210 \u201c\u7ed9\u4e88\u653f\u7b56\u9009\u62e9\u7ec4\u5408\u201d\uff08based on combinations of policy choices\uff09\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u5b9a\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u7528\u6765\u907f\u514d\u751f\u6210\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u7279\u6b8a\u7c7b\u578b\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u5408\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3 new-handler \u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff08set_new_handler \u5141\u8bb8\u5ba2\u6237\u6307\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u6ee1\u8db3\u65f6\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1bnothrow new \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u5c40\u9650\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5185\u5b58\u5206\u914d\uff08operator new\uff09\uff0c\u540e\u7ee7\u7684\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u8fd8\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3 new \u548c delete \u7684\u5408\u7406\u66ff\u6362\u65f6\u673a\uff08\u4e3a\u4e86\u68c0\u6d4b\u8fd0\u7528\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u6536\u96c6\u52a8\u6001\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\u4e4b\u4f7f\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u589e\u52a0\u5206\u914d\u548c\u5f52\u8fd8\u901f\u5ea6\u3001\u964d\u4f4e\u7f3a\u7701\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u989d\u5916\u5f00\u9500\u3001\u5f25\u8865\u7f3a\u7701\u5206\u914d\u5668\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u6700\u4f73\u9f50\u4f4d\u3001\u5c06\u76f8\u5173\u5bf9\u8c61\u6210\u7c07\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u83b7\u5f97\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/li><li>\u7f16\u5199 new \u548c delete \u65f6\u9700\u56fa\u5b88\u5e38\u89c4\uff08operator new \u5e94\u8be5\u5185\u6db5\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u7a77\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5206\u914d\u5185\u5b58\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u5185\u5b58\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u8c03\u7528 new-handler\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5904\u7406 0 bytes \u7533\u8bf7\uff0cclass \u4e13\u5c5e\u7248\u672c\u5219\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u5904\u7406 \u201c\u6bd4\u6b63\u786e\u5927\u5c0f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\uff08\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u7533\u8bf7\u201d\uff1boperator delete \u5e94\u8be5\u5728\u6536\u5230 null \u6307\u9488\u65f6\u4e0d\u505a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\uff0cclass \u4e13\u5c5e\u7248\u672c\u5219\u8fd8\u5e94\u8be5\u5904\u7406 \u201c\u6bd4\u6b63\u786e\u5927\u5c0f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\uff08\u9519\u8bef\uff09\u7533\u8bf7\u201d\uff09<\/li><li>\u5199\u4e86 placement new \u4e5f\u8981\u5199 placement delete\uff08\u5f53\u4f60\u5199\u4e00\u4e2a placement operator new\uff0c\u8bf7\u786e\u5b9a\u4e5f\u5199\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684 placement operator delete\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u9690\u5fae\u800c\u65f6\u65ad\u65f6\u7eed\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff1b\u5f53\u4f60\u58f0\u660e placement new \u548c placement delete\uff0c\u8bf7\u786e\u5b9a\u4e0d\u8981\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\uff08\u975e\u6545\u610f\uff09\u5730\u906e\u63a9\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5730\u6b63\u5e38\u7248\u672c\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e0d\u8981\u8f7b\u5ffd\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u7684\u8b66\u544a<\/li><li>\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u719f\u6089\u5305\u62ec TR1 \u5728\u5185\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5e93\uff08TR1\uff0cC++ Technical Report 1\uff0cC++11 \u6807\u51c6\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u6587\u4ef6\uff09<\/li><li>\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u719f\u6089 Boost\uff08\u51c6\u6807\u51c6\u5e93\uff09<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">More Effective c++<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol><li>\u4ed4\u7ec6\u533a\u522b pointers \u548c references\uff08\u5f53\u4f60\u77e5\u9053\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u6307\u5411\u67d0\u4e2a\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u6307\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5f53\u4f60\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u800c\u5176\u8bed\u6cd5\u9700\u6c42\u65e0\u6cd5\u7531 pointers \u8fbe\u6210\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u9009\u62e9 references\uff1b\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8bf7\u91c7\u7528 pointers\uff09<\/li><li>\u6700\u597d\u4f7f\u7528 C++ \u8f6c\u578b\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff08<code>static_cast<\/code>\u3001<code>const_cast<\/code>\u3001<code>dynamic_cast<\/code>\u3001<code>reinterpret_cast<\/code>\uff09<\/li><li>\u7edd\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u591a\u6001\uff08polymorphically\uff09\u65b9\u5f0f\u5904\u7406\u6570\u7ec4\uff08\u591a\u6001\uff08polymorphism\uff09\u548c\u6307\u9488\u7b97\u672f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6df7\u7528\uff1b\u6570\u7ec4\u5bf9\u8c61\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u6307\u9488\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6570\u7ec4\u548c\u591a\u6001\u4e0d\u8981\u6df7\u7528\uff09<\/li><li>\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b default constructor\uff08\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u88ab\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u5730\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff09<\/li><li>\u5bf9\u5b9a\u5236\u7684 \u201c\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u51fd\u6570\u201d \u4fdd\u6301\u8b66\u89c9\uff08\u5355\u81ea\u53d8\u91cf constructors \u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u7b80\u6613\u6cd5\uff08explicit \u5173\u952e\u5b57\uff09\u6216\u4ee3\u7406\u7c7b\uff08proxy classes\uff09\u6765\u907f\u514d\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u8bef\u7528\uff1b\u9690\u5f0f\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u53ef\u6539\u4e3a\u663e\u5f0f\u7684 member function \u6765\u907f\u514d\u975e\u9884\u671f\u884c\u4e3a\uff09<\/li><li>\u533a\u522b increment\/decrement \u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\u7684\u524d\u7f6e\uff08prefix\uff09\u548c\u540e\u7f6e\uff08postfix\uff09\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u524d\u7f6e\u5f0f\u7d2f\u52a0\u540e\u53d6\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a reference\uff1b\u540e\u7f6e\u5f0f\u53d6\u51fa\u540e\u7d2f\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a const \u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u5904\u7406\u7528\u6237\u5b9a\u5236\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528\u524d\u7f6e\u5f0f increment\uff1b\u540e\u7f6e\u5f0f\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u5e94\u4ee5\u5176\u524d\u7f6e\u5f0f\u5144\u5f1f\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff09<\/li><li>\u5343\u4e07\u4e0d\u8981\u91cd\u8f7d&nbsp;<code>&amp;&amp;<\/code>\uff0c<code>||<\/code>&nbsp;\u548c&nbsp;<code>,<\/code>&nbsp;\u64cd\u4f5c\u7b26\uff08<code>&amp;&amp;<\/code>&nbsp;\u4e0e&nbsp;<code>||<\/code>&nbsp;\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u4f1a\u7528 \u201c\u51fd\u6570\u8c03\u7528\u8bed\u4e49\u201d \u53d6\u4ee3 \u201c\u9aa4\u6b7b\u5f0f\u8bed\u4e49\u201d\uff1b<code>,<\/code>&nbsp;\u7684\u91cd\u8f7d\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5de6\u4fa7\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u53f3\u4fa7\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u66f4\u65e9\u88ab\u8bc4\u4f30\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4e49\u7684 new \u548c delete\uff08<code>new operator<\/code>\u3001<code>operator new<\/code>\u3001<code>placement new<\/code>\u3001<code>operator new[]<\/code>\uff1b<code>delete operator<\/code>\u3001<code>operator delete<\/code>\u3001<code>destructor<\/code>\u3001<code>operator delete[]<\/code>\uff09<\/li><li>\u5229\u7528 destructors \u907f\u514d\u6cc4\u6f0f\u8d44\u6e90\uff08\u5728 destructors \u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff09<\/li><li>\u5728 constructors \u5185\u963b\u6b62\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u6f0f\uff08\u7531\u4e8e C++ \u53ea\u4f1a\u6790\u6784\u5df2\u6784\u9020\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 try&#8230;catch \u6216\u8005 auto_ptr\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684 classes\uff09 \u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u9732\u95ee\u9898\uff09<\/li><li>\u7981\u6b62\u5f02\u5e38\u6d41\u51fa destructors \u4e4b\u5916\uff08\u539f\u56e0\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u907f\u514d terminate \u51fd\u6570\u5728 exception \u4f20\u64ad\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6808\u5c55\u5f00\uff08stack-unwinding\uff09\u673a\u5236\u79cd\u88ab\u8c03\u7528\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u534f\u52a9\u786e\u4fdd destructors \u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u5e94\u8be5\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u60c5\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3 \u201c\u629b\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a exception\u201d \u4e0e \u201c\u4f20\u9012\u4e00\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u201d \u6216 \u201c\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\u201d \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0cexception objects \u603b\u662f\u4f1a\u88ab\u590d\u5236\uff08by pointer \u9664\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ee5 by value \u65b9\u5f0f\u6355\u6349\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u590d\u5236\u4e24\u6b21\uff0c\u800c\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5219\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f97\u590d\u5236\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u201c\u88ab\u629b\u51fa\u6210\u4e3a exceptions\u201d \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5176\u88ab\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362\u52a8\u4f5c\u6bd4 \u201c\u88ab\u4f20\u9012\u5230\u51fd\u6570\u53bb\u201d \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u5c11\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0ccatch \u5b50\u53e5\u4ee5\u5176 \u201c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u6e90\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u201d \u88ab\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u68c0\u9a8c\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u6210\u529f\u8005\u4fbf\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u8c03\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u865a\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u88ab\u9009\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a \u201c\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u6700\u4f73\u543b\u5408\u201d \u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u4ee5 by reference \u65b9\u5f0f\u6355\u83b7 exceptions\uff08\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u8c61\u5220\u9664\u95ee\u9898\u3001exception objects \u7684\u5207\u5272\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4fdd\u7559\u6355\u6349\u6807\u51c6 exceptions \u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u7ea6\u675f exception object \u9700\u8981\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6b21\u6570\uff09<\/li><li>\u660e\u667a\u8fd0\u7528 exception specifications\uff08exception specifications \u5bf9 \u201c\u51fd\u6570\u5e0c\u671b\u629b\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684 exceptions\u201d \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff1b\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7f3a\u70b9\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7f16\u8bd1\u5668\u53ea\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u505a\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u800c\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0d\u7ecf\u610f\u5730\u8fdd\u53cd\uff0c\u4e0e\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u66f4\u4e0a\u5c42\u7684 exception \u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\u5904\u7406\u672a\u9884\u671f\u7684 exceptions\uff09<\/li><li>\u4e86\u89e3\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff08\u7c97\u7565\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528 try \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\uff0c\u4ee3\u7801\u5927\u7ea6\u6574\u4f53\u81a8\u80c0 5%-10%\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u901f\u5ea6\u4ea6\u5927\u7ea6\u4e0b\u964d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6570\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u8bf7\u5c06\u4f60\u5bf9 try \u8bed\u53e5\u5757\u548c exception specifications \u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9650\u5236\u4e8e\u975e\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u7684\u5730\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u771f\u6b63\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u629b\u51fa exceptions\uff09<\/li><li>\u8c28\u8bb0 80-20 \u6cd5\u5219\uff08\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u80fd\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u7531\u5176\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u4ee3\u7801\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4f7f\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u6790\u5668\uff08program profiler\uff09\u8bc6\u522b\u51fa\u6d88\u8017\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\uff09<\/li><li>\u8003\u8651\u4f7f\u7528 lazy evaluation\uff08\u7f13\u5f0f\u8bc4\u4f30\uff09\uff08\u53ef\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\uff1aReference Counting\uff08\u5f15\u7528\u8ba1\u6570\uff09\u6765\u907f\u514d\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u590d\u5236\u3001\u533a\u5206 operator[] \u7684\u8bfb\u548c\u5199\u52a8\u4f5c\u6765\u505a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3001Lazy Fetching\uff08\u7f13\u5f0f\u53d6\u51fa\uff09\u6765\u907f\u514d\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bfb\u53d6\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001Lazy Expression Evaluation\uff08\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u7f13\u8bc4\u4f30\uff09\u6765\u907f\u514d\u975e\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6570\u503c\u8ba1\u7b97\u52a8\u4f5c\uff09<\/li><li>\u5206\u671f\u644a\u8fd8\u9884\u671f\u7684\u8ba1\u7b97\u6210\u672c\uff08\u5f53\u4f60\u5fc5\u987b\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u4e9b\u8fd0\u7b97\u800c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b\u662f\u88ab\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u6216\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u591a\u6b21\u9700\u8981\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0cover-eager evaluation\uff08\u8d85\u6025\u8bc4\u4f30\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u5584\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6548\u7387\uff09<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u8f6c\u81ea\uff1ahttps:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/GOk0jlbJPl9NNtXmdLz9WQ<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>const\u4f5c\u7528 \u4fee\u9970\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u8be5\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\uff1b \u4fee\u9970\u6307\u9488\uff0c\u5206\u4e3a\u6307\u5411\u5e38\u91cf\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08pointer to con &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/?p=96791\" class=\"more-link\">\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u201c\u4e94\u4e07\u5b57\u8bfb\u61c2c++\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2],"tags":[899],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96791"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=96791"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96791\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":96793,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96791\/revisions\/96793"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=96791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=96791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.zhushiyao.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=96791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}